tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80723691094197541132024-03-13T09:55:31.571-07:00Ratna Dewi WulaningsihRatna Dewi Wulaningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544060422743888803noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8072369109419754113.post-17647629475945361052021-03-24T11:53:00.128-07:002021-04-14T00:16:53.428-07:00Anatomi Tumbuhan<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><strong>ANATOMI TUMBUHAN<br /><span lang="id"></span><br /><span lang="id">Oleh </span><span lang="id"></span></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="id"><strong><span style="font-family: times;">Dra. Ratna Dewi Wulaningsih, M. Si.</span></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="id"><strong><span style="font-family: times;">Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Jakarta</span></strong></span></div>
<span style="font-family: times;"><span><span lang="id"></span><br /></span>
<br />
</span><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><span class="hps"><strong><span style="font-family: times;">Kompetensi dasar:</span></strong></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="id"></span><span><span lang="id">Mahasiswa memahami anatomi tumbuhan </span><br /></span><br />
</span><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><strong><span style="font-family: times;">Tujuan Perkuliahan:</span></strong></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;">Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini, mahasiswa diharapkan dapat menjelaskan perihal:</span></span></div><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;">(1) Struktur umum tumbuhan</span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;">(2) Sel</span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;">(3) Jaringan meristem</span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;">(4) Jaringan parenkim, kolenkim dan sklerenkim</span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;">(5) Jaringan epidermis dan periderm. </span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="id"><span>(6) </span></span><span>Struktur sekresi</span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="id"><span>(7) </span></span><span>Jaringan xilem dan floem</span></span></div><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><span><span _mstdst="1_4:12" _mstsrc="1_4:14" style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><strong><span style="font-family: times;">Uraian:</span></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>1. Struktur Umum Tumbuhan</b></span></div><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps"><span><br /></span></span></span></div><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps"><span class="hps"><span>Secara morfologi tumbuhan umumnya terdiri atas organ akar, batang, daun, dan organ reproduksi, </span></span></span><span>seperti bunga yang akan membentuk buah yang didalamnya terdapat biji (Gambar 1). <span class="hps"><span class="hps">Tumbuhan juga <span class="hps">menunjukkan </span>perbedaan</span> <span class="hps">dalam struktur</span></span> <span class="hps">internalnya</span>. Pada <span class="hps">angiospermae</span>, struktur internal tumbuhan yang tergolong pada mono<span class="hps">kotil</span> </span><span class="hps"> berbeda </span><span><span class="hps">dengan </span> tumbuhan <span class="hps">dikotil. </span><span class="hps">Struktur</span> internal <span class="hps">juga menunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">adaptasi terhadap</span> <span class="hps">lingkungan yang beragam</span>. <span class="hps">Studi</span><span> </span><span class="hps">struktur internal</span><span> </span><span class="hps">tumbuhan</span><span> </span><span class="hps">disebut</span><span> </span><span class="hps">anatomi tumbuhan</span><span>. </span><span>Organ tumbuhan tersusun atas jaringan, dan jaringan tersusun atas sel-sel. Yang dimaksud dengan </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-align: left;" title="">Sel (biologi)</a> adalah <span style="color: #202122; text-indent: -13.5pt;">unit fundamental dari struktur dan fungsi di semua organisme hidup.</span></span></div><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Okz4J9WUC3wECEzpI9nSe1OX9vdlF6_zdz-7pmRWuTw9N2a33TM9BoUtL5nt5-QmFGXivljVETtjfCH99es_SUG_x-wfAeDpKkkRHk_WYDItmemDfEEFk8DhCUNVUha6KdoK88qj5bUW/s485/Bagian+Tumbuhan.jpg.png" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="485" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_Okz4J9WUC3wECEzpI9nSe1OX9vdlF6_zdz-7pmRWuTw9N2a33TM9BoUtL5nt5-QmFGXivljVETtjfCH99es_SUG_x-wfAeDpKkkRHk_WYDItmemDfEEFk8DhCUNVUha6KdoK88qj5bUW/s320/Bagian+Tumbuhan.jpg.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"> Gambar 1. Bagian-bagian Tumbuhan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">Dalam melakukan pengamatan anatomi tumbuhan, seringkali harus menggunakan mikroskop, dan membuat sayatan pada tumbuhan untuk berbagai keperluan. Macam-macam sayatan untuk keperluan pengamatan anatomi tumbuhan antara lain: sayatan melintang (</span><i style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">transverse section</i><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">), sayatan radial memanjang (</span><i style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">radial longitudinal section</i><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">), sayatan tangensial memanjang (</span><i style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">tangential longitudinal section</i><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">), dan sayatan paradermal (</span><i style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">paradermal section</i><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">) dapat dilihat pada Gambar 2. Pembuatan preparat segar, dilakukan dengan membuat sayatan tipis menggunakan pisau silet pada bagian tumbuhan, kemudian ditaruh diatas kaca objek yang telah ditetesi air, dan ditutup dengan kaca penutup. Selanjutnya diamati dengan mikroskop.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqiJg90NnOcczp1wU2NpDv4_p8YM7wm9cV_kDw_8JSDwQ5t3aomsqiZV9_9qib6i9qqszAmFuubnguUlJKMPiAdCAHKuTnot1dIOy2W3GFo4eEJcbxOJWUNAX6EQVOkY49-imSiWtFTc58/s444/Pemotongan+batang.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="444" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqiJg90NnOcczp1wU2NpDv4_p8YM7wm9cV_kDw_8JSDwQ5t3aomsqiZV9_9qib6i9qqszAmFuubnguUlJKMPiAdCAHKuTnot1dIOy2W3GFo4eEJcbxOJWUNAX6EQVOkY49-imSiWtFTc58/w543-h309/Pemotongan+batang.png" width="543" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">Gambar 2. Macam-macam sayatan</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: times;">Tugas 1</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Amati struktur tumbuhan yang ada di sekitar, gambar dan tunjukkan bagian-bagian tumbuhan, serta fungsinya!</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps" style="font-family: times; text-align: justify;"><b>2. Sel Tumbuhan</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Tumbuhan <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> merupakan organisme multiseluler</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">yang terdiri dari banyak tipe sel terspesialisasi dengan fungsinya masing-masing </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> (</span><span style="text-align: left;">Campbell, Reece & Mitchell, 2002). </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">Sel-sel pada organisme multiseluler tidak akan bertahan lama jika masing-masing berdiri sendiri.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> Sel yang sama dikelompokkan menjadi </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">jaringan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">, yang membangun organ</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> dan kemudian membentuk sistem organ pada </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">tubuh organisme tersebut. T</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">eori sel sebagai unit kehidupan baru dirumuskan oleh Matthias Schleiden</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> dan </span><span style="color: #202122;">Theodor Schwann.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">Sel tumbuhan </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> (Gambar 3) adalah sel yang menyusun fungsi kerja dari seluruh fungsi kehidupan tumbuhan. Sel tumbuhan memiliki dinding sel yang terbuat dari selulosa. Dinding sel sangat tipis saat selulosa masih berusia muda, sedangkan dinding sel menebal saat tumbuhan semakin tua. Dinding sel tumbuhan ini yang membuat tumbuhan muda sangat lunak, sedangkan tumbuhan tua sangat keras (</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">Susilawati dan Bachtiar, 2018).</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: left;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTT93DlwjxtmrdCGLN58WMGNuRN40eFMF2V2tJJQIp4HOh_8UPZxa8LJ-SMz-N88GoEGiNrw8rNFwS9ue3_bfdFD-VW1250U_jB2NIZz1lHvVoxe4yv9Yj9TZCOcP6dzRlLT23vaStvIXz/s960/Sel+tumbuhan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTT93DlwjxtmrdCGLN58WMGNuRN40eFMF2V2tJJQIp4HOh_8UPZxa8LJ-SMz-N88GoEGiNrw8rNFwS9ue3_bfdFD-VW1250U_jB2NIZz1lHvVoxe4yv9Yj9TZCOcP6dzRlLT23vaStvIXz/s320/Sel+tumbuhan.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-family: times;"> Gambar 3. Sel Tumbuhan</span></div><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">Sel tumbuhan merupakan bagian terkecil dari setiap organ tumbuhan. Sel tumbuhan adalah penggerak dari suatu tumbuhan itu sendiri. Sel tumbuhan cukup berbeda dengan sel organisme eukariotik lainnya. F</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">itur-fitur berbeda tersebut meliputi:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"></div><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-align: justify; text-decoration: inherit;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membran_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Membran sel">Membran sel</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">yang membatasi sel disebut sebagai membran plasma dan berfungsi sebagai rintangan selektif yang memungkinkan aliran</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">, nutrien, dan limbah yang cukup untuk melayani seluruh volume sel.</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">Membran sel juga berperan dalam sintesis</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a class="mw-disambig" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ATP">ATP</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">,</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensinyalan_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pensinyalan sel">pensinyalan sel</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">, dan</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesi_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adhesi sel">adhesi sel</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">. </span>Membran sel berupa lapisan sangat tipis yang terbentuk dari molekul<span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lipid">lipid</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">dan</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">. Membran sel bersifat dinamik dan kebanyakan molekulnya dapat bergerak di sepanjang bidang membran. Molekul lipid membran tersusun dalam dua lapis dengan tebal sekitar 5</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nanometer">nm</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">yang menjadi penghalang bagi kebanyakan molekul</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrofilik" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hidrofilik">hidrofilik</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">. Molekul-molekul protein yang menembus lapisan ganda lipid tersebut berperan dalam hampir semua fungsi lain membran, misalnya mengangkut molekul tertentu melewati membran. Ada pula protein yang menjadi pengait struktural ke sel lain, atau menjadi</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptor_(biokimia)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reseptor (biokimia)">reseptor</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">yang mendeteksi dan menyalurkan sinyal kimiawi dalam lingkungan sel. Diperkirakan bahwa sekitar 30% </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">protein yang dapat disintesis sel hewan merupakan protein membran.<br /></span></span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inti sel">Nukleus</a> mengandung sebagian besar <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gen">gen</a> yang mengendalikan sel <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a> (sebagian lain gen terletak di dalam <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitokondria" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a> dan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplas" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kloroplas">kloroplas</a>). Dengan diameter rata-rata 5 µm, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organel">organel</a> ini umumnya adalah organel yang paling mencolok dalam sel eukariota. <span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">Selubung nukleus melingkupi nukleus dan memisahkan isinya (yang disebut</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><i style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">nukleoplasma</i><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">) dari</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoplasma" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">. Selubung ini terdiri dari dua</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membran_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Membran sel">membran</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">yang masing-masing merupakan lapisan ganda lipid dengan protein terkait. Membran luar dan dalam selubung nukleus dipisahkan oleh ruangan sekitar 20–40 nm. Selubung nukleus memiliki sejumlah pori yang berdiameter sekitar 100 nm dan pada bibir setiap pori, kedua membran selubung nukleus menyatu. </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">Di dalam nukleus,</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DNA">DNA</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">terorganisasi bersama dengan</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">menjadi</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromatin" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kromatin">kromatin</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">. Sewaktu sel siap untuk</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembelahan_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pembelahan sel">membelah</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">, kromatin kusut yang berbentuk benang akan menggulung, menjadi cukup tebal untuk dibedakan melalui</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskop" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">sebagai struktur terpisah yang disebut</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">.<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">Struktur yang menonjol di dalam nukleus sel yang sedang tidak membelah ialah</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleolus" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nukleolus">nukleolus</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">, yang merupakan tempat sejumlah komponen</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ribosom">ribosom</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">disintesis dan dirakit. Komponen-komponen ini kemudian dilewatkan melalui pori nukleus ke sitoplasma, tempat semuanya bergabung menjadi ribosom. Kadang-kadang terdapat lebih dari satu nukleolus, bergantung pada</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spesies">spesiesnya</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">dan tahap reproduksi sel tersebut.</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">Nukleus mengedalikan</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesis_protein" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sintesis protein">sintesis protein</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">di dalam sitoplasma dengan cara mengirim molekul pembawa pesan berupa</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">, yaitu</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="MRNA">mRNA</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">, yang</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkripsi_(genetik)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transkripsi (genetik)">disintesis</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">berdasarkan "pesan"</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gen">gen</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">pada</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DNA">DNA</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">. RNA ini lalu dikeluarkan ke sitoplasma melalui pori nukleus dan melekat pada ribosom, tempat pesan genetik tersebut</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translasi_(genetik)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Translasi (genetik)">diterjemahkan</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">menjadi urutan</span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asam amino">asam amino</a><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;"> </span><span style="text-align: start; text-decoration-line: inherit;">protein yang disintesis.</span></span></p></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vakuola">Vakuola</a> yang besar (dikelilingi membran, disebut <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonoplas" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tonoplas">tonoplas</a>, yang menjaga turgor sel dan mengontrol pergerakan molekul di antara <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitosol" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sitosol">sitosol</a> dan getah.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="text-align: start;">Sitoplasma</span><span style="text-align: start;"> adalah bagian </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a><span style="text-align: start;"> yang terbungkus membran plasma. Sitoplasma terdiri dari air, protein, karbohidrat, lemak, mineral, dan vitamin. Sitoplasma berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan bahan kimia sel yang penting bagi metabolisme sel, seperti enzim-enzim, ion-ion, gula, lemak dan protein. Pada sel </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eukariota">eukariota</a><span style="text-align: start;">, sitoplasma adalah bagian non-</span><a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nukleus">nukleus</a><span style="text-align: start;"> dari </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplasma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protoplasma">protoplasma</a><span style="text-align: start;">. Pada sitoplasma terdapat </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoskeleton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sitoskeleton">sitoskeleton</a><span style="text-align: start;">, berbagai </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organel">organel</a><span style="text-align: start;"> dan </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesikula" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vesikula">vesikuli</a><span style="text-align: start;">, serta </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitosol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sitosol">sitosol</a><span style="text-align: start;"> yang berupa cairan tempat organel melayang-layang di dalamnya. Sitosol mengisi ruang sel yang tidak ditempati organel dan vesikula dan menjadi tempat banyak reaksi biokimiawi serta perantara transfer bahan dari luar sel ke organel atau inti sel.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> Sitoplasma bersifat koloid. Ukuran partikel yang terlarut adalah 0,001-0,1 </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mikron">mikron</a><span style="text-align: start;"> dan bersifat transparan. Sitoplasma terdapat di dalam sel tapi berada di luar </span><a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nukleus">nukleus</a><span style="text-align: start;"> dan organel-organel sel.</span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dinding sel">Dinding sel</a> yang tersusun atas <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selulosa" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Selulosa">selulosa</a> dan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protein">protein</a>, dalam banyak kasus <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, dan disimpan oleh protoplasma di luar <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membran_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Membran sel">membran sel</a>. Ini berbeda dengan dinding sel <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, yang dibuat dari <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitin" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kitin">kitin</a>, dan prokariotik, yang dibuat dari <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglikan" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peptidoglikan">peptidoglikan</a>.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodesmata" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plasmodesmata">Plasmodesmata</a>, merupakan pori-pori penghubung pada dinding sel memungkinkan setiap sel tumbuhan berkomunikasi dengan sel berdekatan lainnya. Ini berbeda dari jaringan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hifa" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hifa">hifa</a> yang digunakan oleh fungi.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastida" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plastida">Plastida</a>, terutama <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplas" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kloroplas">kloroplas</a> yang mengandung <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Klorofil">klorofil</a>, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmen" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pigmen">pigmen</a> yang memberikan warna hijau bagi tumbuhan dan memungkinkan terjadinya <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a>.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badan_golgi&redirect=no" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Badan golgi">Badan golgi</a> </span>(disebut juga aparatus Golgi, kompleks Golgi atau diktiosom) adalah <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organel">organel</a> yang dikaitkan dengan fungsi <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekskresi" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ekskresi">ekskresi</a> sel, dan struktur ini dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskop" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a> cahaya biasa. Organel ini terdapat hampir di semua sel <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotik" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eukariotik">eukariotik</a> dan banyak dijumpai pada organ tubuh yang melaksanakan fungsi ekskresi, misalnya <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginjal" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ginjal">ginjal</a>. Setiap sel hewan memiliki 10 hingga 20 <a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="background: none; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: inherit;">badan Golgi</a>, sedangkan sel tumbuhan memiliki hingga ratusan badan Golgi. Badan Golgi pada tumbuhan biasanya disebut diktiosom. Badan Golgi ditemukan oleh seorang ahli histologi dan patologi berkebangsaan Italia yang bernama <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>.</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background: none; color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204);"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" style="background: none; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204);" title="">Ribosom</a> </span><span style="color: #202122;">adalah organel ukuran kecil dan padat yang terdapat dalam </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sel">sel</a><span style="color: #202122;"> dan berperan sebagai tempat sintesis </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color: #202122;">.</span><span style="color: #202122;"> Ribosom terdapat dalam </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoplasma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a><span style="color: #202122;"> dan melekat pada membran RE ketika berlangsungnya proses sintesis protein. Jika proses sintesis protein tidak berlangsung ribosom akan berbentuk sub unit kecil dan sub unit besar.</span><span style="color: #202122;"> Ribosom juga merupakan komponen sel yang membuat protein dari semua asam amino. Ribosom memiliki diameter sekitar 20 nm dan terdiri atas 65% RNA ribosom dan 35% protein ribosom.</span><span style="color: #202122;"> Sel dengan laju sintesis protein yang tinggi memiliki banyak sekali ribosom, contohnya sel </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hati">hati</a><span style="color: #202122;"> manusia yang memiliki beberapa juta ribosom. Ribosom sendiri tersusun atas berbagai jenis protein dan sejumlah molekul </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="RNA">RNA</a><span style="color: #202122;">.</span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul style="background-color: white; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retikulum_endoplasma" style="background: none; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204);" title="">Retikulum endoplasma</a> <span style="color: #202122;">(RE, kata</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><i style="color: #202122;">retikulum</i><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">diturunkan dari bahasa Latin berarti "di dalam sitoplasma", kata</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><i style="color: #202122;">endoplasmik</i><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">berarti "di dalam sitoplasma") adalah</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organel">organel</a><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">yang dapat ditemukan pada semua sel</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eukariota">eukariotik</a><span style="color: #202122;">. Retikulum endoplasma merupakan bagian dari sistem endomembran. RE merupakan labirin membran yang demikian banyak sehingga RE ini meliputi separuh lebih dari total membran dalam sel-sel eukariotik. </span>RE terdiri dari jaringan tubula dan gelembung membran yang disebut sisterne (<i style="color: #202122;">cisternae</i><span style="color: #202122;">) (bahasa Latin</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><i style="color: #202122;">cisterna</i><span style="color: #202122;">, berarti "kotak" atau "peti"). Membran RE memisahkan ruangan internal, yaitu ruang sisternal dan sitosol. Membran ini berhubungan langsung dengan selubung nukleus atau</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><i style="color: #202122;">nuclear envelope,</i><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">sehingga ruang di antara kedua membran selubung itu bersambung dengan ruang sisternal RE ini. </span>Terapat dua daerah RE yang struktur dan fungsinya berbeda jelas, walaupun keduanya tersambung, yaitu RE halus dan RE kasar. Pada bagian-bagian RE kasar, terdapat ribuan<span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ribosom">ribosom</a><span style="color: #202122;">. Ribosom merupakan tempat proses pembentukan protein terjadi di dalam sel. Ribosom juga diletakkan pada sisi sitoplasmik membran luar selubung nukleus, yang bertemu dengan RE kasar. </span>Sedangkan bagian-bagian retikulum endoplasma yang tidak diselimuti oleh ribosom disebut retikulum endoplasma halus atau<span style="color: #202122;"> </span><i style="color: #202122;">smooth endoplasmic reticulum</i><span style="color: #202122;">. Fungsinya adalah untuk membentuk lemak dan steroid</span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitokondrion" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mitokondrion">Mitokondrion</a> <span style="color: #202122;">(</span><i style="color: #202122;">mitochondrion</i><span style="color: #202122;">, jamak:</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><i style="color: #202122;">mitochondria</i><span style="color: #202122;">) adalah </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organel">organel</a><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">dengan</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membran_biologis" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Membran biologis">membran</a><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">ganda yang ditemukan pada sebagian besar organisme</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotik" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eukariotik">eukariotik</a><span style="color: #202122;">. Mitokondria menghasilkan sebagian besar suplai</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfat" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adenosina trifosfat">adenosina trifosfat</a><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">(ATP) pada sel, yang digunakan sebagai sumber</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_kimia" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energi kimia">energi kimia</a><span style="color: #202122;">.</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">Oleh karena itu, mitokondria disebut sebagai "pembangkit tenaga" pada sel. </span><span style="color: #202122;">Jumlah mitokondria dalam sel sangat bervariasi menurut </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organisme">organisme</a><span style="color: #202122;">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a><span style="color: #202122;">, dan jenis sel. </span><span style="color: #202122;">Mitokondria terdiri dari kompartemen-kompartemen yang masing-masing menjalankan fungsi khusus. Kompartemen atau area ini meliputi membran luar, ruang antarmembran, membran dalam, krista, dan matriks. </span><span style="color: #202122;">Mitokondria umumnya berukuran antara 0,75 hingga 3 </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrometer" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mikrometer">μm</a><span style="color: #202122;">² tetapi sangat bervariasi dalam ukuran dan strukturnya.</span><span style="color: #202122; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">Mereka tidak dapat dilihat mata kecuali diberi warna secara khusus. Selain memasok energi sel, mitokondria terlibat dalam tugas-tugas lain, seperti </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persinyalan_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persinyalan sel">persinyalan sel</a><span style="color: #202122;">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diferensiasi_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diferensiasi sel">diferensiasi sel</a><span style="color: #202122;">, dan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apoptosis">kematian sel</a><span style="color: #202122;">, serta menjaga pengaturan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siklus_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siklus sel">siklus sel</a><span style="color: #202122;"> dan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduksi_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reproduksi sel">reproduksi sel</a><span style="color: #202122;">.</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biogenesis_mitokondrial&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biogenesis mitokondrial (halaman belum tersedia)">Biogenesis mitokondrial</a><span style="color: #202122;"> (proses ketika mitokondria menambah massanya) pada gilirannya terkoordinasi secara temporer dengan proses-proses seluler ini.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Griffiths_12-0" style="color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"> </sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PNAS_16-0" style="color: #202122; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"> </sup><span style="color: #202122;">Meskipun sebagian besar </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DNA">DNA</a><span style="color: #202122;"> sel berada di dalam inti sel, mitokondria memiliki genom atau </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_mitokondria" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DNA mitokondria">DNA-nya</a><span style="color: #202122;"> sendiri ("mitogenom") yang secara substansial mirip dengan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genom" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genom">genom</a><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a><span style="color: #202122;">.</span><span style="color: #202122; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">Protein mitokondria (protein yang </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkripsi_(genetik)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transkripsi (genetik)">ditranskripsi</a><span style="color: #202122;"> dari DNA mitokondria) bervariasi tergantung tipe jaringan dan spesiesnya. </span></span></div></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrotubulus" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mikrotubulus">Mikrotubula</a><span style="color: #202122; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">(jamak</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">) adalah organel</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sel">sel</a><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">,di dalam</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoplasma" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">semua sel</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eukariot">eukariot</a><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">, berupa silinder panjang yang berongga dengan diameter luar kira-kira 25 nm dan diameter dalam ± 12 nm.</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">Panjangnya beragam dari beberapa nanometer sampai beberapa mikrometer.</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">Mikrotubulus terdiri dari molekul-molekul bulat</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">globular yang disebut</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tubulin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tubulin (halaman belum tersedia)">tubulin</a><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">, yang secara spontan bergabung pada kondisi tertentu membentuk silinder panjang berongga. </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">Setiap molekul tubulin terdiri atas dua subunit polipeptida yang serupa,α-tubulin dan β-tubulin.</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">Tiap molekul tubulin berbobot molekul 110.000 Dalton dan merupakan dimer dari protein tubulin α dan tubulin β.</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">Pada irisan melintang, mikrotubulus terlihat terdiri dari 13 subunit dalam susunan heliks.</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">Subunit ini adalah bagian dari 13 benang tubulin, masing-masing terangkai membentuk heliks yang merupakan bagian dari dinding mikrotubulus.</span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">Kedua macam tubulin ini tersusun berselang seling sepanjang benang. </span></span></div></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrofilamen" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mikrofilamen">Mikrofilamen</a> <span style="color: #202122;">atau</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">filamen aktin</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">adalah bagian dari kerangka sel (</span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoskeleton" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sitoskeleton">sitoskeleton</a><span style="color: #202122;">) yang berupa batang padat berdiameter sekitar 7 nm dan tersusun atas</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protein">protein</a><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktin" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aktin">aktin</a><span style="color: #202122;">, yaitu suatu protein globular.</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">Mikrofilamen ada pada</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sel">sel</a><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eukariot">eukariot</a><span style="color: #202122;">.</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">Berlawanan dengan peran penahan-tekanan (gaya tekan)</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrotubula" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mikrotubula">mikrotubula</a><span style="color: #202122;">, peran struktural mikrofilamen dalam sitoskeleton ialah untuk menahan tegangan (gaya tarik).</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">Dengan bergabung dengan protein lain, mikrofilamen sering membentuk jalinan tiga dimensi persis di dalam</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membran_plasma" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Membran plasma">membran plasma</a><span style="color: #202122;">, yang membantu mendukung bentuk sel.</span><span style="color: #202122;"> </span><span style="color: #202122;">Jalinan ini membentuk korteks (lapisan sitoplasma luar) sel tersebut mempunyai kekentalan semipadat seperti gel, yang berlawanan dengan keadaan sitoplasma dalamnya yang lebih cair (sol).</span></span></div></li></ul><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div><b style="color: #424142;"><span style="font-family: times;">Tugas 2</span></b></div></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Amati gambar sel di bawah ini, jelaskan fungsi bagian-bagiannya!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJJrHNg9PessJev-PssSO0OSHVyAI-vFz2zHHq1iD9tnQdGnhnWGzs008XmusI7-BCnsjehkSkdJi_CDnObmpzz-8H_KbHQ50XAs718zMLJy2RpVgpGBcGa-4FPpuCEsQ90c9YeQPwJNBu/s1200/Fungsi+bagian+sel+tumbuhan.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="1200" height="391" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJJrHNg9PessJev-PssSO0OSHVyAI-vFz2zHHq1iD9tnQdGnhnWGzs008XmusI7-BCnsjehkSkdJi_CDnObmpzz-8H_KbHQ50XAs718zMLJy2RpVgpGBcGa-4FPpuCEsQ90c9YeQPwJNBu/w535-h391/Fungsi+bagian+sel+tumbuhan.png" width="535" /></span></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: times;">3. Jaringan</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">Jaringan</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">sekelompok sel</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">yang memiliki</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">asal mula yang sama</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">dan biasanya</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">melakukan fungsi</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">yang sama</span><span style="font-family: times;">. </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">Suatu tanaman</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">terdiri dari</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">berbagai jenis</span><span style="font-family: times;"> organ, yang tersusun atas berbagai </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: times;">. Jaringan </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">diklasifikasikan</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">menjadi dua kelompok utama</span><span style="font-family: times;">, </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">meristem</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">dan permanen, berdasarkan </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">kemampuan sel membelah diri</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span class="hps" style="font-family: times;">atau tidak</span><span style="font-family: times;">.</span></div></div><div align="center" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br />
<b><span class="hps">3.1</span> <span class="hps">Jaringan</span> <span class="hps">meristem</span></b></span><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span>Meristem adalah <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a> pada <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> yang tersusun atas sel sel yang aktif membelah. Jaringan ini mudah ditemukan pada bagian titik-<a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titik_tumbuh&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Titik tumbuh (halaman belum tersedia)">titik tumbuh</a> <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Batang">batang</a> maupun <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akar">akar</a>. Meristem di bagian ini disebut sebagai meristem primer, karena mengawali pertumbuhan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomassa" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biomassa">biomassa</a>. Meristem juga ditemukan pada bagian batang dan akar, membentuk <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambium" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kambium">kambium</a>. Terdapat dua jenis kambium pada batang yaitu kambium vaskular dan kambium gabus (felogen). Keduanya bertanggung jawab atas <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pertumbuhan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pertumbuhan (halaman belum tersedia)">pertumbuhan</a> sekunder (ke samping) yang dialami tumbuhan dan disebut meristem sekunder. </span><span style="text-align: start;">Jaringan meristematik dapat diinduksi (dirangsang) pembentukannya, baik dengan melukai suatu bagian tubuh tumbuhan maupun dalam kultur buatan (dengan</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur_jaringan" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kultur jaringan">kultur jaringan</a><span style="text-align: start;">). Jaringan meristematik yang terbentuk karena induksi ini dinamakan</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalus" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kalus">kalus</a>. <span style="text-align: start;">Meristem pucuk dan kambium biasanya adalah bagian yang paling mudah diinduksi untuk memperbanyak diri pada kultur jaringan. </span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: times;">Ciri-ciri jaringan meristem:</span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Jaringan meristem memiliki sel-sel dengan dinding yang tipis sehingga memungkinkan sel-sel itu dapat terus membelah.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Jaringan meristem memiliki bentuk sel isodiametris dengan inti yang besar dan diameter yang sama. Sel-sel nya juga tersusun seperti bola-bola yang rapat dengan begitu memungkinkan sel dapat membelah ke segala arah</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Jaringan meristem mengandung protoplasma yang berfungsi dalam proses pembelahan sel-sel yang dibutuhkan oleh komponen-komponen pembentuk organel-organel sel yang mencukupi sebelum sel membelah. Zat</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Zat-zat organik dan anorganik sangat diperlukan dalam jumlah yang banyak pada sel-sel yang akan membel.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Protoplasma pada meristem tidak mengandung makanan cadangan dan kristal kristal. Dalam pengamatan menggunakan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mikroskop elektron">mikroskop elektron</a> akan tampak jelas bahwa sel-sel embrional tidak ditemukan vakuola vakuola makanan yang masuk ke dalam sel langsung digunakan untuk proses sintesis dan penyimpanan energi untuk pembelahan.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Vakuola-vakuola pada jaringan meristem berukuran kecil.</span></li></ul></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;" title="Root apical meristem occupies the tip of a root while the shoot apical meristem occupies the distant most region of the stem axis."><h3 style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: start;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Meristem_apikal"><span style="font-size: small;">3.1.1 Meristem apikal</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: left;">Meristem apikal adalah jaringan meristem yang terletak pada ujung akar dan ujung batang. Meristem apikal melakukan aktivitas pertumbuhan primer yaitu pertambahan panjang batang dan akar <span class="hps atn" style="background-color: transparent;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent;">Gambar 4 dan 5). </span>Pada ujung batang, meristem terbagi menjadi tiga daerah yaitu daerah pembelahan (<i>cleveage</i>), daerah pemanjangan (elongasi) dan daerah pendewasaan (maturasi).</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF6k_51g2zf17knqJHKeaNMK4ssw9d2isRbWvfRBZdjYs0nCjx9DMwWgbgGJCdBjvD0opA6TB4ZbG2JaUNP_6ALFvq8CdvMV8F7v6CyFBvDGC9WY15lk-ZQL95EMT-VL8WGjIr952ON6GP/s1600/Meristem+akar.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF6k_51g2zf17knqJHKeaNMK4ssw9d2isRbWvfRBZdjYs0nCjx9DMwWgbgGJCdBjvD0opA6TB4ZbG2JaUNP_6ALFvq8CdvMV8F7v6CyFBvDGC9WY15lk-ZQL95EMT-VL8WGjIr952ON6GP/s1600/Meristem+akar.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Gambar 4. Meristem <em>apical</em> akar</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwoigB6Pn-r6rebg6hiov0v5Sk1pP9X8esYuVjDUp8aicuLaxQqz0I_4sZy97l-QN7B_Lromq5IAuNMBPF7VuOLFzrpBo9O41EoUKoz8xMQlMO6utZVCcfDJZOOSZze45ofQHjSot6REF2/s1600/Meriatem+apical+pucuk.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwoigB6Pn-r6rebg6hiov0v5Sk1pP9X8esYuVjDUp8aicuLaxQqz0I_4sZy97l-QN7B_Lromq5IAuNMBPF7VuOLFzrpBo9O41EoUKoz8xMQlMO6utZVCcfDJZOOSZze45ofQHjSot6REF2/s1600/Meriatem+apical+pucuk.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"> Gambar 5, Meristem</span><span style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"> </span><em style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center;">apical </em><span style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center;">pucuk</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">Pada ujung meristem akar terbagi menjadi 4 zona yaitu daerah tudung akar (kaliptra), daerah pembelahan (<i>cleveage</i>) daerah pemanjangan (elongasi) dan daerah pendewasaan (maturasi). Daerah pembelahan dan pemanjangan disebut daerah promeristem dan daerah diferensiasi disebut daerah meristem. Daerah meristem akan terbagi menjadi tiga jaringan meristem yaitu protoderma, prokambium, dan meristem dasar. Protoderma selanjutnya akan terspesialisasi menjadi epidermis, prokambium akan terspesialisasi menjadi jaringan berkas pengangkut yang berupa floem primer dan xilem primer serta kambium. Sementara itu, meristem dasar akan terdiferensiasi menjadi parenkim atau jaringan dasar. Parenkim selanjutnya akan terspesialisasi menjadi korteks, empulur, sklerenkim, maupun kolenkim. Parenkim dapat menjadi meristem kembali dan akan membentuk meristem sekunder pada bagian paling depan.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: start;">Meristem akar terdapat tudung akar yang dibentuk oleh kaliptrogen. Kaliptra tersusun atas sel-sel parenkim yang tipis berbentuk kubus kaya akan protoplasma dan sedikit sekali </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vakuola">vakuola</a><span style="text-align: start;">. Kaliptra berfungsi untuk melindungi titik tumbuh akar dan penentu arah pertumbuhan akar sesuai dengan pengaruh gaya gravitasi bumi. Selain itu, kaliptra akan mensekresikan senyawa polisakarida yang dapat melunakkan tanah sehingga ujung akar dapat menembus tanah.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;">Selama pembentukan tubuh tanaman utama, daerah tertentu dari meristem apikal menghasilkan jaringan epidermis, jaringan dasar dan jaringan vaskular. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: times;" title="Root apical meristem occupies the tip of a root while the shoot apical meristem occupies the distant most region of the stem axis.">Meristem apikal akar menempati ujung akar sementara meristem apikal pucuk menempati daerah paling ujung dari sumbu batang. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: times;" title="During the formation of leaves and elongation of stem, some cells 'left behind' from shoot apical meristem, constitute the axillary bud.">Selama pembentukan daun dan pemanjangan batang, beberapa sel 'tertinggal' dari meristem apikal pucuk, merupakan tunas ketiak. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: times;" title="Such buds are present in the axils of leaves and are capable of forming a branch or a flower.">Tunas tersebut hadir dalam ketiak daun dan mampu membentuk cabang atau bunga. </span></p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><h3 style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Meristem_lateral">3.1.2. Meristem lateral</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: transparent;" title="The meristem that occurs in the mature regions of roots and shoots of many plants, particularly those that produce woody axis and appear later than primary meristem is called the secondary or lateral meristem.">Meristem yang terjadi di daerah dewasa pada akar dan batang dari banyak tanaman, terutama yang menghasilkan sumbu kayu dan tampaknya lebih dari meristem primer disebut meristem sekunder atau lateral. </span><span style="background-color: transparent;" title="They are cylindrical meristems.">Mereka adalah meristem silinder. </span><span style="background-color: transparent;" title="Fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and cork-cambium are examples of lateral meristems.">Kambium vaskular fasciculus, kambium interfascicular dan gabus-kambium adalah contoh dari meristem lateral. </span><span style="background-color: transparent;" title="These are responsible for producing the secondary tissues.">Ini bertanggung jawab untuk memproduksi jaringan sekunder. </span><span>Meristem lateral merupakan jaringan meristem yang berada sejajar dengan permukaan organ tumbuhan misalnya kambium dan kambium gabus. kambium termasuk dalam jenis meristem sekunder karena berasal dari parenkim yang bersifat aktif. Aktivitas meristem ini adalah melakukan pertumbuhan sekunder yaitu pertambahan diameter batang yang disebabkan adanya pembelahan kambium ke arah dalam dan ke arah luar. Kambium intravaskuler membelah ke arah dalam membentuk xilem sekunder dan ke arah luar membentuk floem sekunder. Kambium intervaskuler membelah ke arah luar membentuk unsur kulit kayu dan membelah kearah dalam membentuk unsur kayu. Hasil pembelahan kambium akan membentuk garis lingkaran yang disebut lingkarahan tahun. Lingkaran tahun terbangun dari aktivitas pembelahan sepanjang tahun dan ketebalannya dipengaruhi oleh musim.</span> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;">Dari segi morfologi jenis sel kambium dibedakan dua macam, yaitu (1) pemula yang meruncing dikedua ujungnya sehingga berbentuk kumparan, disebut pemula kumparan atau pemula fusiform, menghasilkan unsur yang memanjang atau aksial(vertikal) pada kayu (xilem) dan bagian dalam kulit kayu (floem); (2) pemula jari-jari empulur yang menghasilkan jari-jari empuluryang tumbuh ke arah radial (Gambar 6).</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif2n6J7j4oAAkS0qk-Odjq0yy03ym-kYq8krg_CBLYQ68yZ3vObTKmUoIcFw5C3lDwqu76S9_GpGtE0Zd95myUC9KEnCbcTFmSxM41OjKSZmZX6w0lyxZzp1Jvc1m-OpGi0VdS6oqkyXvI/s568/Kambium+pembuluh.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="565" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif2n6J7j4oAAkS0qk-Odjq0yy03ym-kYq8krg_CBLYQ68yZ3vObTKmUoIcFw5C3lDwqu76S9_GpGtE0Zd95myUC9KEnCbcTFmSxM41OjKSZmZX6w0lyxZzp1Jvc1m-OpGi0VdS6oqkyXvI/w496-h498/Kambium+pembuluh.jpg" width="496" /></span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: times;">Gambar 6. Kambium pembuluh dan turunannya</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="text-align: start;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="text-align: start;">Dengan demikian, kambium</span><span style="text-align: start;"> merupakan</span><span style="text-align: start;"> lapisan</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meristem">meristematik</a><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">pada</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">yang</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a><span style="text-align: start;">-selnya aktif</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembelahan_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pembelahan sel">membelah</a><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">dan bertanggung jawab atas pertumbuhan sekunder tumbuhan. Kambium ditemukan pada</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Batang">batang</a><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">dan</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akar">akar</a><span style="text-align: start;">. Berdasarkan jaringan tetap yang dibentuknya, dikenal dua kelompok kambium, yaitu</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">kambium gabus</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">(felogen,</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><i style="text-align: start;">phellogen</i><span style="text-align: start;">) dan</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">kambium pembuluh</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">(</span><i style="text-align: start;">vascular cambium</i><span style="text-align: start;">). Kambium hanya ditemukan pada tumbuhan</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikotil" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dikotil">dikotil</a><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">dan</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gymnospermae">gymnospermae</a><span style="text-align: start;">. </span><span>Kambium gabus adalah bagian dari</span><span> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Batang">korteks</a><span>. Aktivitasnya menghasilkan jaringan gabus (felem,</span><span> </span><i>phellem</i><span> </span><span>atau</span><span> </span><i>cork</i><span>) ke arah luar. Jaringan gabus berfungsi untuk mengendalikan masuk dan keluarnya air, mencegah serangan</span><span> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hama">hama</a><span>, dan beberapa fungsi mekanik lainnya. Ke arah dalam, kambium gabus pada beberapa spesies tumbuhan menghasilkan lapisan kulit bergabus yang disebut</span><span> </span><span>feloderm</span><span> </span><span>(</span><i>phelloderm</i><span>). </span><span style="background-color: transparent;">Kambium pembuluh atau vaskular adalah bagian yang biasa disebut orang kambium saja. Kambium biasanya membatasi bagian</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepagan" style="background: none transparent; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pepagan">pepagan</a><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent;">(kulit kayu) dari kolom</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu" style="background: none transparent; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kayu">kayu</a><span style="background-color: transparent;"> (xilem) </span><span style="background-color: transparent;">pada batang</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohon" style="background: none transparent; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pohon">pohon</a><span style="background-color: transparent;">. Ke dalam, kambium akan membentuk</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuluh_kayu" style="background: none transparent; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pembuluh kayu">pembuluh kayu</a><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent;">(xilem) dan ke luar kambium membentuk</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuluh_tapis" style="background: none transparent; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pembuluh tapis">pembuluh tapis</a><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent;">(floem,</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><i style="background-color: transparent;">phloem</i><span style="background-color: transparent;">).</span></span></p><h3 style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Meristem_interkalar"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">3.1.3 Meristem interkalar</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: times;" title="The meristem which occurs between mature tissues is known as intercalary meristem.">Meristem yang terjadi antara jaringan dewasa ini dikenal sebagai meristem interkalar (kabisat). Meristem</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: times;" title="They occur in grasses and regenerate parts removed by the grazing herbivores."> interkalar terdapat pada rumput, terutama bagian yang melakukan regenerasi, yang dikonsumsi oleh herbivora. M</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: times;" title="Both apical meristems and intercalary meristems are primary meristems because they appear early in life of a plant and contribute to the formation of the primary plant body.">eristem apikal dan meristem kabisat adalah meristem primer karena mereka muncul di awal kehidupan tanaman dan berkontribusi pada pembentukan tubuh tanaman utama. </span><span style="font-family: times;">Meristem interkalar berada pada setiap pangkal tumbuhan berbuku-buku (rumput-rumputan). Pangkal ruas yang mengandung meristem ini berwarna lebih muda dibanding dengan bagian tengah maupun ujung ruas batang. Meristem interkalar aktivitasnya akan menyebabkan pertambahan panjang dan diameter ruas batang.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-weight: bold; text-align: start;">Tugas 3</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-weight: bold; text-align: start;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">Carilah gambar atau buat foto dengan aplikasi mikroskop yang menunjukkan letak </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start;">meristem interkalar dan </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start;">kambium gabus pada tumbuhan!</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span class="hps">3.2</span> <span class="hps">Jaringan</span> dasar</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">Jaringan dasar</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;"> pada </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;"> adalah </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;"> yang mengisi sebagian besar tumbuh tumbuhan. Fungsi utamanya adalah mengisi biomassa, menjalankan berbagai fungsi </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiologi" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fisiologi">fisiologi</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">, dan menopang serta memberi bentuk tubuh tumbuhan. Jaringan dasar biasa dikelompokkan menjadi tiga jaringan berdasarkan derajat penebalan dinding selnya: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">parenkim</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">kolenkim</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">, dan </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">sklerenkim</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">. </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b>3.2.1 Jaringan parenkim</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span>Parenkim adalah jaringan dasar yang utama (Gambar 7). Sel-sel parenkim ditemukan pada </span></span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" style="background: none transparent; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akar">akar</a><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times;">dan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" style="background: none transparent; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Batang">batang</a><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times;">terutama sebagai pengisi bagian</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korteks_(botani)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Korteks (botani)">korteks</a><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times;">batang,</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daun">daun</a><span style="font-family: times;">,</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bunga">bunga</a><span style="font-family: times;">,</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buah">buah</a><span style="font-family: times;">, dan</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biji">biji</a><span style="font-family: times;">. Parenkim di daun yang berfungsi sebagai tempat berlangsungnya fotosintesis disebut juga</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><i style="font-family: times;">klorenkim</i><span style="font-family: times;">, yaitu jaringan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesofil" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mesofil">mesofil</a><span style="font-family: times;">, yang mencakup jaringan tiang/palisade dan jaringan spons. Disebut klorenkim karena mesofil dan jaringan palisade merupakan jaringan parenkim yang mengandung</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Klorofil">klorofil</a><span style="font-family: times;">. </span><span style="font-family: times;">Parenkim praktis mengisi hampir semua bagian tumbuhan. Parenkim pada buah, biji, atau</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbi" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Umbi">umbi</a><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times;">dapat mengalami spesialisasi fungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan energi. Pati disimpan sebagai butir-butir pati dalam dalam</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoplasma" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a><span style="font-family: times;">,</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lemak">lemak</a><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times;">disimpan sebagai butir-butir minyak/lemak, dan berbagai minyak atsiri terlarut </span><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairan_sel&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cairan sel (halaman belum tersedia)">cairan sel</a><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times;">di</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vakuola">vakuola</a><span style="font-family: times;">. </span><span style="font-family: times;">Tumbuhan yang mengapung atau beradaptasi dengan lingkungan anaerob (tergenang) mengembangkan</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><i style="font-family: times;">aerenkim</i><span style="font-family: times;">, suatu parenkim yang memiliki ruang antarsel luar biasa besar sehingga terisi udara. Sel-sel parenkim pada buah yang menyimpan karbohidrat dalam bentuk gula sitoplasmanya dipenuhi oleh produk metabolit tersebut dan sel-selnya terpisah-pisah karena aktivitas pektinase yang membuat</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pektin">pektin</a><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times;">penyusun</span><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dinding sel">dinding sel</a><span style="font-family: times;"> </span><span style="font-family: times;">tercerai-berai.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpk9urRzbiNF5bl3XDuseyy5vAO0QbmfWL-jldwqq7ZFQ7800-gXTiHQqhRVydFP2_Zjwk3vChRh_Nr1AuliDhIwtd4TNFUkTR675vA25XLdux7GALBmX-cYoQOic6EhYtUOitQpCUGhRV/s1600/parenkim.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpk9urRzbiNF5bl3XDuseyy5vAO0QbmfWL-jldwqq7ZFQ7800-gXTiHQqhRVydFP2_Zjwk3vChRh_Nr1AuliDhIwtd4TNFUkTR675vA25XLdux7GALBmX-cYoQOic6EhYtUOitQpCUGhRV/s1600/parenkim.png" /></a></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: times; text-align: center;"> Gambar 7. Jaringan parenkim</span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: times;"> Berdasarkan fungsinya parenkim dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis jaringan, yaitu:</span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Parenkim Asimilasi</b>. Parenkim asimilasi yaitu sebagai pembuat zat makanan bagi tumbuhan yang diproses dari fotosintesa di daun. Biasanya terletak di bagian tepi suatu organ, misalnya pada daun, batang yang berwarna hijau, dan buah. Di dalam selnya terdapat <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplas" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kloroplas">kloroplas</a>, yang berperan penting sebagai tempat berlangsungnya proses <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a>,</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Parenkim penimbun</b> adalah sel parenkim ini dapat menyimpan cadangan makanan yang berbeda sebagai larutan di dalam <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuola" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vakuola">vakuola</a>, bentuk partikel padat, atau cairan di dalam <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoplasma" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a>. Biasanya terletak di bagian dalam tubuh, misalnya: pada empulur batang, umbi akar, umbi lapis, akar rimpang (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizoma" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rizoma">rizoma</a></i>), atau biji. Di dalam sel-selnya terdapat cadangan makanan yang berupa gula, tepung, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lemak">lemak</a> atau <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protein">protein</a>. Parenkim penimbun berfungsi dalam menyimpan cadangan makanan bagi tumbuhan berupa hasil fotosintesa, seperti protein, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilum" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amilum">amilum</a>, gula tepung, atau lemak.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Parenkim air</b> adalah sel parenkim yang mampu menyimpan air. Umumnya terdapat pada tumbuhan yang hidup didaerah kering (<i>xerofit</i>), tumbuhan <i><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifit" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epifit">epifit</a></i>, dan tumbuhan sukulen.Parenkim air berfungsi sebagai tempat menyimpan air pada tumbuhan <i>xerofit</i> /<i>epifit</i> (sedikit air) untuk menghadapi kemarau misalnya pada tumbuhan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaktus" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kaktus">kaktus</a> dan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidah_buaya" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lidah buaya">lidah buaya</a></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Parenkim udara</b> (aerenkim) adalah jaringan parenkim yang mampu menyimpan udara karena mempunyai ruang antar sel yang besar. <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerenkim&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aerenkim (halaman belum tersedia)">Aerenkim</a> banyak terdapat pada batang dan daun tumbuhan <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrofit" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hidrofit">hidrofit</a>.Parenkim udara disebut sebagai aerenkim bertugas menyimpan udara dalam kantung besarnya, terdiri dari sel gabus dengan rongga yang besar sehingga membantu menjaga kelebihan air pada tumbuhan dengan habitat perairan. Ruang antar selnya besar, sel- sel penyusunnya bulat sebagai alat pengapung di air, misalnya parenkim pada tangkai daun tumbuhan <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceng_gondok" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enceng gondok">enceng gondok</a>.</span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Berdasarkan bentuk parenkim dibagi menjadi beberapa kelompok yakni:</span></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Parenkim pagar</b> (palisade) merupakan tempat <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a> yang utamadan sel-sel memanjang yang terdapat di daun tepat di bawah jaringan epidermis karena banyak mengandung klorofil daripada jaringan lainnya,dengan bentuk bulat memanjang/lonjong yang berjajar seperti tiang/pagar dan dalam parenkim <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palisade">palisade</a> ini terdapat sel <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Klorofil">klorofil</a>/zat hijau daun. Parenkim pagar berfungsi sebagai tempat <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintetis" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fotosintetis">fotosintetis</a></span></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Berdasarkan fungsinya parenkim dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam, yaitu:</span></p><ol style="background-color: white; color: #202122; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Jaringan parenkim <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palisade">palisade</a>, tempat penyelenggara fotosintesis.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Jaringan parenkim spons, selain sebagai tempat fotosintesis juga tempat penyimpan hasil <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a>.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Jaringan <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolenkim&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kolenkim (halaman belum tersedia)">kolenkim</a>, jaringan penguat pada organ tubuh tumbuhan yang muda.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Berkas pembuluh atau berkas <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaskuler&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vaskuler (halaman belum tersedia)">vaskuler</a> daun yaitu <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floem" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Floem">floem</a></i> dan <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilem" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xilem">xilem</a></i> terdapat pada ibu tulang daun.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilem" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xilem">Xilem</a> , mengangkut air dan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mineral">mineral</a> dari dalam tanah melalui akar sampai daun.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floem" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Floem">Floem</a>, mengangkut hasil fotosintesis dari daun keseluruh tubuh tumbuhan.</span></li></ol><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Parenkim bunga karang</b> (jaringan spons) merupakan lapisan sel-sel yang tidak teratur, banyak rongga udara, dan berada di bawah lapisan jaringan tiang. Pada bunga karang terdapat <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Klorofil">klorofil</a> dalam jumlah kecil (tidak seperti <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palisade">palisade</a>). Bunga karang berfungsi sebagai tempat <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a>.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Parenkim bintang</b>, dinamakan sesuai bentuknya yang menyerupai bintang karena bersegi lima menjuntai atau lebih.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Parenkim lipatan</b> yang terdapat pada <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pinus">pinus</a> dan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padi" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Padi">padi</a>, dengan bentuk yang berlipat ke arah dalam serta banyak mengandung <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplas" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kloroplas">kloroplas</a>.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Parenkim pengangkut</b>, sel-sel penyusunnya berbentuk memanjang menurut arah pengangkutannya. Umumnya terdapat pada batang.</span></li></ul></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="text-align: left;"><b>3.2.2. Jaringan kolenkim</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><p style="background-color: white; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="color: #202122;">Kolenkim merupakan sejenis jaringan dasar yang berperan sebagai jaringan penguat atau mekanik (Gambar 8). Dinding sel kolenkim mengalami penebalan pada dinding primer. Penebalan ini tidaklah menyeluruh, biasanya hanya pada sudut atau sisi tertentu saja. </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">Keberadaan kolenkim akan memperkuat struktur organ tumbuhan. Organ tumbuhan mendapat bentuknya karena adanya </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_turgor" style="background: none; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tekanan turgor">tekanan turgor</a><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"> pada dinding sel. Kolenkim akan memperkuat struktur organ sehingga tidak mudah layu apabila tekanan turgor menurun. Tangkai daun kentang, misalnya mengalami penebalan pada bagian sudut-sudut sel kolenkim. Sel-sel kolenkim tangkai daun wortel mengalami penebalan pada dinding sisi tangensialnya (tepi), tetapi tidak pada sisi atas maupun bawahnya, sehingga tangkai daunnya lebih kokoh.</span></span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; text-align: center;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTGVN2GSGUYRakGshPW2G-lJr33Y84YlAqgFuUSbeF1DAsAsv8wchtRw4dx6fCYrFhb-zAL3XRPX2VE72ljEHNHKicGwvnyby1J6hlCyIYmCWSwvd2AwgR9282h3H2goF3im-_NDre2sDX/s362/collenchyma+tissue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTGVN2GSGUYRakGshPW2G-lJr33Y84YlAqgFuUSbeF1DAsAsv8wchtRw4dx6fCYrFhb-zAL3XRPX2VE72ljEHNHKicGwvnyby1J6hlCyIYmCWSwvd2AwgR9282h3H2goF3im-_NDre2sDX/s320/collenchyma+tissue.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; text-align: center;"> Gambar 8. Jaringan kolenkim</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>3.2.3 Jaringan sklerenkim</b></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span>Sklerenkim merupakan sekelompok jaringan dasar yang tersusun dari struktur dinding sel yang mengeras karena mengandung endapan selulosa dan lignin (Gambar 9). Endapan ini demikian tebal sehingga hanya menyisakan sedikit lumen (ruang di dalam dinding sel). Sklerenkima yang "masak" terbentuk setelah <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplasma" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protoplasma">protoplasmanya</a> mengalami lisis (pecah) sehingga meninggalkan kerangka keras yang akan menopang tubuh tumbuhan. </span><span style="text-align: start;">Sklerenkim mudah ditemukan pada bagian batang dan akar, khususnya pada bagian yang mengeras, seperti lapisan serat dan bagian pelindung</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_pembuluh" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jaringan pembuluh">jaringan pembuluh</a><span style="text-align: start;">. Berbagai serat nabati bermanfaat yang digunakan dalam industri, seperti serat rami dan serat yute, terbentuk dari sklerenkima. Batok kelapa merupakan endokarp</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buah">buah</a><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">yang tersusun dari sklerenkim dengan lignifikasi yang dahsyat.</span></span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4QLEwv4zQF6dOjRf88uhg4Nl2xxG7i-c3byaAJsoCH2dZCegLND8sMxLsGJO2InRgvGJ3mxihZ13Wza6A9OS7uhrfs97lb4lPaUJ_jJ3m_y5O_89RJhVX_Cdcmg7zfCc1TXKoaiUlU52R/s1600/sklerenkim+lumen.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4QLEwv4zQF6dOjRf88uhg4Nl2xxG7i-c3byaAJsoCH2dZCegLND8sMxLsGJO2InRgvGJ3mxihZ13Wza6A9OS7uhrfs97lb4lPaUJ_jJ3m_y5O_89RJhVX_Cdcmg7zfCc1TXKoaiUlU52R/s1600/sklerenkim+lumen.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; text-align: center;"> Gambar 9. Jaringan sklerenkim</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><b><br />Tugas 4:</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="background-color: white;">Gambar dan jelaskan perbedaan jaringan parekim, kolenkim dan sklerenkim! Jika memungkinkan buat sayatan melintang pada tangkai daun talas gunakan aplikasi mikroskop, apakah terlihat jaringan parenkim, kolenkim dan sklerenkim?</span></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span lang="id"><span title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."><b>3.3. Jaringan pelindung</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span lang="id"><span title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span lang="id"><span title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem.">Jaringan pelindung pada tumbuhan terdiri dari epidermis dan periderm. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">Jaringan epidermis dan periderm disebut sebagai jaringan pelindung karena</span><span lang="id"><span title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."> jaringan ini </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">berfungsi melindungi bagian tumbuhan dari segala pengaruh luar yang merugikan, misalnya perubahan suhu, kerusakan mekanik, hilangnya air melalui penguapan, dan hilangnya zat-zat makanan </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">(Hidayat, 1995)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #202122; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="font-family: times;">Kulit<b> </b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant_stem" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Batang tanaman"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">batang</span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> adalah lapisan </span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant_stem" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Plant stem"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">batang</span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> dan </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Root" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Akar"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">akar</span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> terluar </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">dari </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woody_plant" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Tanaman berkayu"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">tumbuhan berkayu</span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tumbuhan dengan kulit kayu meliputi </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tree" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Pohon"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">pohon</span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, tumbuhan </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vine" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Merambat"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">merambat</span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> berkayu</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, dan </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shrub" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Belukar"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">semak belukar</span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kulit kayu mengacu pada semua jaringan di luar </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vascular_cambium" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Kambium vaskular"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kambium vaskular</span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> dan merupakan istilah nonteknis.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> Kulit kayu melapisi kayu dan terdiri dari kulit kayu bagian dalam dan kulit kayu bagian luar. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kulit bagian dalam, yang </span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant_stem" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Plant stem"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">batangnya</span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> lebih tua </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant_stem" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Batang tanaman"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">adalah jaringan hidup, meliputi lapisan paling dalam dari periderm. Kulit luar pada batang yang lebih tua meliputi jaringan mati pada permukaan batang, bersama dengan bagian periderm terluar dan semua jaringan pada sisi luar periderm. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kulit luar pada pohon yang terletak di luar periderm hidup disebut juga </span></span><span style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#rhytidome" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Glosarium istilah botani">rhytidome</a><span style="color: #202122;">.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span lang="id"><span title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."><b>3.3.1 Jaringan Epidermis</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;" title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">Jaringan epidermis adalah jaringan yang tersusun dari lapisan sel-sel yang menutupi permukaan organ tumbuhan seperti akar, batang, daun, bunga, buah dan biji. </p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">Ciri-ciri jaringan epidermis sebagai berikut:</p><ol style="background-color: white; color: #202122; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Sel-selnya berbentuk seperti balok dan tersusun berlapis tunggal, rapat, dan tidak memiliki ruang antarsel.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Berhubung fungsinya untuk pelindung, sering dilengkapi lapisan lilin atau kutikula</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Umumnya sel-sel epidermis tidak memiliki klorofil, kecuali sel-sel epidermis daun tumbuhan paku dan sel-sel penutup pada stomata atau mulut daun</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Dibeberapa tempat, sel epidermis daun bermodifikasi menjadi sel penutup mulut daun, sedangkan epidermis batang dikotil bermodifikasi menjadi lentisel</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;">Epidermis akar yang masih muda yang mempunyai fungsi untuk penyerapan zat, dinding sel bagian luar tumbuh membentuk bulu-bulu akar.</li></ol></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;" title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">Jaringan epidermis dapat melakukan modifikasi, yaitu:</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">a. Stomata</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">Stomata terdapat pada epidermis organ tumbuhan yang berwarna hijau. Stomata adalah celah atau lubang yang diapit oleh sepasang sel penjaga. Stomata berfungsi sebagai jalan masuk dan keluarnya O2 dan CO2 pada proses respirasi maupun fotosintesis, serta jalur penguapan air (transpirasi).</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">b. Trikomata</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">Trikomata adalah rambut-rambut dari epidermis yang terdiri atas sel tunggal atau banyak sel. Trikoma terdapat pada hampir seluruh organ tumbuhan, misalnya akar, batang, daun, bunga, buah, dan biji. fungsi trikoma pada tumbuhan adalah mengurangi penguapan, meneruskan rangsangan, mengurangi gangguan dari hewan herbivore, membantu penyerbukan.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">c. Spina (duri)</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">Spina dalah tonjolan pada permukaan epidermis batang, seperti pada duri mawar.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">e. Sel kersik</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">Sel kersik adalah bagian sel epidermis yang berbentuk bulat, elips, berisi Kristal kersik. Sel kersik berfungsi untuk memperkuat batang. sel kersik terdapat pada tumbuhan family cyperaceae, equiisetinae dan graminae.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">f. Velamen</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;">Velamen tersusun dari sel-sel mati yang terdapat di bagian dalam epidermis kar gantung pada tumbuhan epifit. velamen berfungsi untuk menimbun air yang diperolehnya dan mengikat oksigen. Velamen terdapat pada family Orchidaceae.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;" title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."><b>3.3.2 Periderm</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;" title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;">Seringkali penutup sekunder yang disebut bentuk periderm pada batang berkayu kecil dan banyak tanaman bukan kayu, yang terdiri dari gabus (phellem), </span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cork_cambium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Kambium gabus">kambium gabus</a><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> (phellogen), dan phelloderm. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Bentuk periderm dari felogen yang berfungsi sebagai meristem lateral. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Periderm menggantikan epidermis, dan bertindak sebagai penutup pelindung seperti epidermis. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sel felem dewasa memiliki </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suberin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Suberin">suberin</a><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> di dindingnya untuk melindungi batang dari pengeringan dan serangan patogen. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sel phellem yang lebih tua sudah mati, seperti halnya dengan batang berkayu. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kulit umbi kentang (yang merupakan batang bawah tanah) merupakan gabus periderm. </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">Pada tumbuhan berkayu, epidermis batang yang baru tumbuh digantikan oleh periderm di akhir tahun. Saat batang tumbuh membentuk lapisan sel di bawah epidermis, yang disebut kambium gabus, sel ini menghasilkan sel gabus yang berubah menjadi gabus. Lapisan sel dalam jumlah terbatas dapat membentuk interior kambium gabus, yang disebut phelloderm. Saat batang tumbuh, kambium gabus menghasilkan lapisan gabus baru yang kedap gas dan air dan sel-sel di luar periderm, yaitu epidermis, korteks, dan floem sekunder yang lebih tua mati.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;">Di dalam periderm terdapat </span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lenticel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Lenticel">lentisel</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, yang terbentuk selama produksi lapisan periderm pertama. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Karena ada sel-sel hidup di dalam lapisan kambium yang perlu bertukar gas selama metabolisme, lentisel ini, karena memiliki banyak ruang antar sel, memungkinkan pertukaran gas dengan atmosfer luar. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Saat kulit kayu berkembang, lentisel baru terbentuk di dalam celah-celah lapisan gabus.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Rhytidome</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Rhytidome adalah bagian kulit kayu yang paling dikenal, menjadi lapisan terluar yang menutupi batang pohon. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Hal ini sebagian besar terdiri dari sel-sel mati dan diproduksi oleh pembentukan beberapa lapisan </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suberin" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Suberin"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">suberized</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> jaringan periderm, korteks dan floem. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> Rhytidome berkembang sangat baik pada batang dan akar pohon yang lebih tua. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Di semak-semak, kulit kayu yang lebih tua dengan cepat </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exfoliation_(botany)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Pengelupasan (botani)"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">terkelupas</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> dan rimpang yang tebal menumpuk. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pohon </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">ini umumnya paling tebal dan paling menonjol di batang atau </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-jj2cvlaia66be-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trunk_(botany)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Batang (botani)"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">batang</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> (area dari tanah ke tempat percabangan utama dimulai) pohon.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-weight: bold; text-align: start;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-weight: bold; text-align: start;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>Tugas 5:</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Gambar atau buat foto dengan aplikasi mikroskop, jelaskan perbedaan jaringan epidermis dan periderm!</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span lang="id"><span title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."><b>Struktur Sekresi</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sel atau organisasi sel dapat menghasilkan berbagai macam bahan sekresi. Zat yang disekresikan dapat tetap disimpan di dalam sel sekretori itu sendiri atau dapat diekskresikan, yaitu dilepaskan dari sel. Zat dapat dikeluarkan ke permukaan tanaman atau ke dalam rongga atau saluran interseluler. Beberapa dari banyak zat yang terkandung dalam sekresi tidak dimanfaatkan lebih lanjut oleh tanaman seperti resin, karet, tanin, dan berbagai kristal, sementara yang lain berperan dalam fungsi tanaman (enzim dan hormon). Struktur sekretori berkisar dari sel tunggal yang tersebar di antara jenis sel lain hingga struktur kompleks yang melibatkan banyak sel; yang terakhir ini sering disebut </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-family: times; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gland_(botany)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Kelenjar (botani)">kelenjar</a>. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Rambut epidermis pada banyak tumbuhan bersifat sekretorik atau kelenjar. Rambut semacam itu biasanya memiliki kepala yang terdiri dari satu atau lebih sel sekretori yang ditanggung di tangkai. Rambut jarum yang menyengat bulat di bawah dan memanjang menjadi proses yang panjang dan halus di atas. Jika seseorang menyentuh rambut, ujungnya putus, ujung tajam menembus </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Kulit"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">kulit</span></span></a><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> , dan sekresi beracun dilepaskan. Kelenjar yang mengeluarkan cairan manis berupa nektar pada bunga yang diserbuki serangga disebut nektar. Nektar dapat muncul pada tangkai bunga atau pada organ bunga apa pun: sepal, kelopak, benang sari, atau ovarium.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Struktur </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-family: times; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydathode" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Hydathode">hidatod</a>a</span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> struktur mengeluarkan air, mupakan erfenomena yang disebut </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guttation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Gutasi"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">gutasi</span></span></a><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> melalui bukaan di margin atau ujung daun. Air mengalir melalui </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xylem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Xylem"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">xilem</span></span></a><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ke ujungnya di daun dan kemudian melalui </span></span><a class="new" href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Intercellular_space&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #dd3333; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Ruang antar sel (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">ruang antar sel</span></span></a><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> jaringan hidatoda menuju bukaan di epidermis. Sebenarnya, hidatoda semacam itu bukanlah kelenjar karena bersifat pasif dalam kaitannya dengan aliran air.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Beberapa </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-family: times; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carnivorous_plants" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Tumbuhan karnivora">tumbuhan karnivora</a> </span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">memiliki kelenjar yang menghasilkan sekresi yang mampu mencerna serangga dan hewan kecil. Kelenjar ini terdapat pada bagian daun yang dimodifikasi sebagai struktur perangkap serangga. Di sundews (Drosera), perangkap mengandung kelenjar yang mengintai, yang disebut tentakel. Saat serangga memasuki daun, tentakelnya membungkuk dan menutupi korban dengan sekresi mucilaginous, enzim yang mencerna serangga (lihat </span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: times; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insectivorous_plants" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Tanaman pemakan serangga">tanaman pemakan serangga</a><span style="color: #202122;">). </span></span></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start;">Saluran resin adalah saluran yang dilapisi dengan sel sekretori yang melepaskan resin ke dalam saluran. Duktus resin biasa ditemukan di gymnospermae dan terdapat di berbagai jaringan akar, batang, daun, dan struktur reproduksi.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Saluran getah mirip dengan saluran resin dan mungkin mengandung resin, minyak, dan gusi. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Biasanya, istilah saluran getah digunakan dengan mengacu pada dikotil, meskipun saluran getah juga dapat terjadi di </span></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gymnosperms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Gymnospermae"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">gymnospermae</span></span></a><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> . </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Saluran minyak adalah saluran antar sel yang sel sekretorinya menghasilkan minyak atau zat serupa. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Saluran seperti itu dapat dilihat, misalnya di berbagai bagian tanaman keluarga wortel (</span></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umbelliferae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Umbelliferae"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Umbelliferae</span></span></a><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">). </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Laticifer adalah sel atau sistem sel yang mengandung lateks, cairan seperti susu atau bening, berwarna atau tidak berwarna. </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latex" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Getah"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lateks</span></span></a><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> terjadi di bawah tekanan dan keluar dari tanaman saat tanaman dipotong. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Di bawah ini ditunjukkan gambar klasifikasi sistem sekresi pada tumbuhan (Gambar 10).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0Du5O7QjwLRJVbNmC-u75znfBUHWvl7a4asUppPE5AeLpgj6HoVoUe5-qmNbP8VKV-fd8OqppqCvc_9OvJ8I5yV_I_pDVKKcuW-9268qfRiBxXHeZWzOLBpPav2PGkNm5H4BHwenvbVq/s563/Klasifikasi+jaringan+sekresi.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="563" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0Du5O7QjwLRJVbNmC-u75znfBUHWvl7a4asUppPE5AeLpgj6HoVoUe5-qmNbP8VKV-fd8OqppqCvc_9OvJ8I5yV_I_pDVKKcuW-9268qfRiBxXHeZWzOLBpPav2PGkNm5H4BHwenvbVq/w568-h362/Klasifikasi+jaringan+sekresi.jpg" width="568" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Gambar 10. Klasifikasi sistem sekresi pada tumbuhan</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; text-align: start;"><b>Jaringan latisifer</b></span></div></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #202122; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #202122; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Jaringan latisifer terdiri dari saluran berdinding tebal, sangat memanjang dan banyak bercabang yang mengandung jus berwarna susu atau kekuningan yang dikenal sebagai </span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latex" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Getah">lateks</a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. Jaringan latisifer</span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> mengandung banyak inti yang tertanam di lapisan tipis </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protoplasm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Protoplasma">protoplasma</a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">. Jaringan latisifer </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> terdistribusi secara tidak teratur dalam massa sel parenkim. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Saluran lateks, di mana lateks ditemukan ada dua jenis yaitu:</span></span></p><ol style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #202122; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2.25em; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Sel lateks atau saluran lateks non-artikulasi</span></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: inherit; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pembuluh lateks atau lateks yang mengartikulasikan</span></li></ol><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;"><b>Sel lateks </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; vertical-align: inherit;">Juga disebut sebagai "saluran lateks non-artikulat", saluran ini adalah unit independen yang memanjang sebagai struktur bercabang untuk jarak yang jauh dalam tubuh tumbuhan. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka berasal sebagai struktur kecil, memanjang dengan cepat dan dengan percabangan berulang bercabang ke segala arah tetapi tidak bergabung bersama. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; vertical-align: inherit;">Dengan demikian tidak terbentuk jaringan seperti pada pembuluh lateks.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Pembuluh lateks</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Juga disebut "duktus lateks artikulat", duktus atau pembuluh ini adalah hasil anastamosis dari banyak sel. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka tumbuh kurang lebih sebagai saluran paralel yang melalui percabangan dan anastamosis ini sering membentuk jaringan yang kompleks. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pembuluh lateks umumnya ditemukan di banyak famili angiospermae </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papaveraceae" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Papaveraceae"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Papaveraceae</span></span></a><span style="text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, </span></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositae" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Compositae"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Compositae</span></span></a><span style="text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Euphorbiaceae"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Euphorbiaceae</span></span></a><span style="text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moraceae" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Moraceae"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Moraceae</span></span></a><span style="text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, dll.</span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Fungsi</b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Fungsi duktus latisiferus tidak dipahami dengan jelas. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mereka juga dapat bertindak sebagai organ penyimpanan makanan atau sebagai reservoir produk limbah, atau sebagai jaringan translokasi.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">Jaringan kelenjar</b></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Jaringan ini terdiri dari struktur khusus berupa </span><span style="color: #202122; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">kelenjar. </span><span style="color: #202122; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar ini mengandung beberapa produk sekretori atau ekskresi. </span><span style="color: #202122; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar dapat terdiri dari sel terisolasi atau sel kelompok kecil dengan atau tanpa rongga sentral. Kelenjar </span><span style="color: #202122; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify; vertical-align: inherit;">dari berbagai jenis ini mungkin internal atau eksternal. </span></div></span></span><div><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="text-align: start; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;" title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block open-block" id="content-collapsible-block-2" style="clear: left;"><div style="font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify;"><b>Ruang antar sel</b></div><div style="font-weight: inherit; text-align: justify;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Biasanya sel-sel meristematik atau muda tidak memiliki ruang antar sel diantara mereka tetapi seiring bertambahnya usia, dindingnya terbelah di tempat-tempat tertentu sehingga menimbulkan ruang kecil yang disebut ruang antar sel, biasanya diisi dengan udara atau air. Umumnya ada dua jenis ruang antar sel, yaitu ruang antar sel skizogen, dan lisigen (Gambar 11).</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>1) Ruang antar sel skizogen</b></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Ruang antar sel yang paling umum dihasilkan dari pemisahan dinding sel satu sama lain di sepanjang area kontak. Zat antar sel larut sebagian dan ruang antar sel berkembang. Akhirnya ukurannya menjadi cukup besar dan dikenal sebagai rongga skizogen.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="font-weight: inherit;">Ruang antar sel dan rongga skizogen membentuk sistem interkomunikasi saluran antar sel yang panjang, yang memfasilitasi difusi gas dan cairan dari satu bagian tubuh tumbuhan ke bagian lain. Duktus resin di Coniferales, dan saluran sekretori pada Compositae dan Umbelliferae adalah contohnya. Sel-sel yang melapisi rongga bersifat sekretori dan melepaskan produknya di saluran antar sel.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>2) Ruang antar sel lisigen</b></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Jenis ruang antar sel ini muncul melalui penghancuran seluruh sel, yang oleh karena itu disebut ruang antar sel yang terjadi secara lisigen. Ruang antar sel ini menyimpan air, gas, dan minyak esensial di dalamnya. Contohnya banyak ditemukan pada tumbuhan air dan banyak tumbuhan monokotil. Rongga sekretori yang terjadi secara lisigen ditemukan pada Eucalyptus, Citrus dan Gossypium. </span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTfap2MkiVNyUEzqPlgWgBnxH3XPV03AQnFZyPfjom2aW6z_OhSDPKAP2yLcTATxnDWOuVqMIcP0RdIT2pgCzSvDyGeK-Q1N1on6jLao3JqRXqOPNjqbvUd3mlAH8BPlfh67sbO17NdKRl/s431/Ruang+Lysigen+dan+Skizogen.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="431" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTfap2MkiVNyUEzqPlgWgBnxH3XPV03AQnFZyPfjom2aW6z_OhSDPKAP2yLcTATxnDWOuVqMIcP0RdIT2pgCzSvDyGeK-Q1N1on6jLao3JqRXqOPNjqbvUd3mlAH8BPlfh67sbO17NdKRl/s320/Ruang+Lysigen+dan+Skizogen.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: center;">Gambar 11. Rongga sekretori yang terjadi secara lisigen dan skizogen</p><div><br /></div></div><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Kelenjar internal adalah</b></span></span><p></p><ul style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Minyak esensial yang mengeluarkan kelenjar minyak, seperti pada buah-buahan dan daun jeruk, lemon.</span></span></li><li style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar yang mengeluarkan lendir, seperti pada daun sirih</span></span></li><li style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar yang mengeluarkan permen karet, resin, tanin, dll.</span></span></li><li style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar pencernaan mengeluarkan enzim atau agen pencernaan</span></span></li><li style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: inherit; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar khusus yang mengeluarkan air di ujung vena</span></span></li></ul><p style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><b>Kelenjar eksternal biasanya berupa rambut pendek dengan ujung kelenjar: </b></span></span></p><ul style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1em; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">rambut atau kelenjar yang mengeluarkan air,</span></span></li><li style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Rambut kelenjar yang mengeluarkan zat seperti permen karet seperti pada </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tobacco" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Tembakau"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">tembakau</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> , </span></span><a href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plumbago" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Plumbago"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">timah</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> , dll. </span></span></li><li style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Rambut kelenjar </span></span>yang mengeluarkan zat beracun dan mengiritasi, seperti pada jelatang.</li><li style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: inherit; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kelenjar madu, seperti pada </span></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://x2zkom3ctwgbm5pgxgdqswjlfq-nqtbbxgkbb4p4-en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carnivorous_plants" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Tumbuhan karnivora"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">tumbuhan karnivora</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">.</span></span></li></ul><div><br /></div><div><b>Tugas 6</b></div><div><br /></div><div>Carilah gambar atau jika memungkinkan gunakan aplikasi mikroskop, yang menunjukkan adanya kelenjar nektar pada bunga dan kelenjar sekresi pada daun tembakau! </div></section></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><b>3.4 Jaringan pembuluh (pengangkut)</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #202122; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">Jaringan pengangkut</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">(</span><i style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">vascular tissue</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">) adalah salah satu dari tiga kelompok</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan#jaringan_tumbuhan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">permanen yang dimiliki</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">hijau berpembuluh (</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheophyta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">). Jaringan ini disebut juga</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="color: #202122; text-align: start;">pembuluh</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">dan berfungsi utama sebagai saluran utama transportasi zat-zat</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204); text-align: start;" title="">hara</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">yang diperlukan dalam proses vital tumbuhan. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Ada dua kelompok jaringan pengangkut, berdasarkan arah aliran hara.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuluh_kayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pembuluh kayu">Pembuluh kayu</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">(xilem) mengangkut cairan menuju daun. Sumbernya dapat berasal dari akar (yang utama) maupun dari bagian lain tumbuhan.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuluh_tapis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pembuluh tapis">Pembuluh tapis</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">(floem) mengangkut hasil</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">(terutama</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gula">gula</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrosa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sukrosa">sukrosa</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">) dan zat-zat lain dari daun menuju bagian-bagian tubuh tumbuhan yang lain.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Baik pembuluh kayu maupun pembuluh tapis memiliki beberapa tipe sel yang agak berbeda. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Pada</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akar">akar</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">dan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Batang">batang</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">, pembuluh kayu dan tapis biasanya tersusun konsentris: pembuluh kayu berada di bagian dalam sedangkan pembuluh tapis di bagian luarnya. Terdapat beberapa perkecualian pada susunan ini. Sebagian anggota</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">memiliki posisi yang terbalik. Di antara keduanya terdapat lapisan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kambium">kambium</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">pembuluh/vaskular. Kambium inilah yang merupakan jaringan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meristem">meristematik</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">yang membentuk kedua jaringan pengangkut tadi. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Pada</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daun">daun</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">, kedua pembuluh ini akan terletak berdampingan dan jaringannya tersusun pada tulang daun maupun susunan jala yang tampak pada daun. Kedua jaringan ini akan disatukan dalam berkas-berkas (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">bundles</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">) yang direkatkan oleh</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pektin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pektin">pektin</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">dan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selulosa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Selulosa">selulosa</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">. Pada daun jagung dan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_C4&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tumbuhan C4 (halaman belum tersedia)">tumbuhan C4</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">tertentu lainnya, berkas-berkas ini terlindungi oleh sel-sel khusus, dikenal sebagai sel-sel</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seludang_berkas&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seludang berkas (halaman belum tersedia)">seludang berkas</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">(</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">bundle sheath</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">), yang secara fisiologi berperan dalam jalur fotosintesis yang khas. Pembuluh tapis biasanya terletak di sisi bawah (abaksial) atau punggung daun, sedangkan pembuluh kayu berada pada sisi yang lainnya (adaksial). Ini menjadi penyebab</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutu_daun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kutu daun">kutu daun</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">lebih suka bertengger pada sisi punggung daun karena mereka lebih mudah mencapai pembuluh tapis untuk menghisap</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gula">gula</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">. </span>Perbandingan jaringan xilem dan floem dapat dilihat pada gambar 12 di bawah ini</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV3NnE4xlkBEeWU6vSI6S1J0XjwgT9lwrKxa2WKRH6XefSPJmXOU3MdobklF4Px051THIF0PeDH1vwYs4u7AjpueGNbJb5gDJ8rfgZBulQdKSKqrLQ0wK7z5irYN7pbXyfVJEZN3S_t-_9/s619/Perbandingan+xilem+dan+floem.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="619" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV3NnE4xlkBEeWU6vSI6S1J0XjwgT9lwrKxa2WKRH6XefSPJmXOU3MdobklF4Px051THIF0PeDH1vwYs4u7AjpueGNbJb5gDJ8rfgZBulQdKSKqrLQ0wK7z5irYN7pbXyfVJEZN3S_t-_9/s320/Perbandingan+xilem+dan+floem.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: times;">Gambar 12. Perbandingan jaringan xilem dan Floem<br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><b>3.4.1 Jaringan xilem </b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span class="hps" style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">Jaringan pembuluh kayu</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> atau </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">xilem</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> adalah salah satu </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> pengangkut yang sangat kompleks dan terdiri dari berbagai jenis bentuk </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sel">sel</a> (Gambar 13)<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">. </span></span><span title="Xylem functions as a conducting tissue for water and minerals from roots to the stem and leaves.">Fungsi xilem sebagai jaringan konduksi untuk air dan mineral dari akar ke batang dan daun. </span><span title="It also provides mechanical strength to the plant parts.">Hal ini juga memberikan kekuatan mekanik pada bagian-bagian tanaman. Xilem</span><span title="It is composed of four different kinds of elements, namely, tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma."> terdiri dari empat jenis unsur, yaitu tracheid, vessel (trachea), serat xilem dan parenkim xilem parenkim. </span><span title="Gymnosperms lack vessels in their xylem.">Gymnosperma kekurangan vessel dalam xilem mereka. </span><span title="Tracheidsare elongated or tube like cells with thick and lignified walls and tapering ends.">Tracheid memanjang atau berbentuk tabung, merupakan sel-sel dengan dinding yang tebal dan mengalami lignifikasi dan meruncing ujungnya. tr</span><span title="These are dead and are without protoplasm.">acheid adalah sel mati dan tanpa protoplasma. </span><span title="The inner layers of the cell walls have thickenings which vary in form.">Lapisan dalam dinding sel memiliki penebalan yang bervariasi dalam bentuknya. </span><span title="In flowering plants, tracheids and vessels are the main water transporting elements.">Pada tumbuhan berbunga, tracheid dan kapal yang mengangkut air utama elemen. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span title="In flowering plants, tracheids and vessels are the main water transporting elements."> </span> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;" title="In flowering plants, tracheids and vessels are the main water transporting elements."><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig4wUMS1eNCBrUA-nMTpg6L8rH1xXN__LgmSPFUGKbxXOCtJyk2ngR84u5cAcCH4LqiuNCVqKGz1RKrL71-XrOs8xl6raaqo2TJpTlqHEHkJBh6wEFv1CzmrdkinkJ5WPaWxvYfelbodsY/s430/Xylem.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="346" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig4wUMS1eNCBrUA-nMTpg6L8rH1xXN__LgmSPFUGKbxXOCtJyk2ngR84u5cAcCH4LqiuNCVqKGz1RKrL71-XrOs8xl6raaqo2TJpTlqHEHkJBh6wEFv1CzmrdkinkJ5WPaWxvYfelbodsY/w257-h320/Xylem.jpg" width="257" /></a> </div></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span title="In flowering plants, tracheids and vessels are the main water transporting elements."><span style="font-family: times; text-align: center;"> Gambar 13. Jaringan Xilem</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span title="In flowering plants, tracheids and vessels are the main water transporting elements.">Vessel memiliki </span><span title="Vessel is a long cylindrical tube-like structure made up of many cells called vessel members, each with lignified walls and a large central cavity.">struktur tabung atau seperti silinder panjang terdiri dari banyak sel disebut anggota vessel, masing-masing dengan dinding mengalami lignifikasi dan rongga sentral yang besar. </span><span title="The vessel cells are also devoid of protoplasm.">Sel-sel pembuluh juga tanpa protoplasma. </span><span title="The vessel cells are also devoid of protoplasm.">A</span><span title="Vessel members are interconnected through perforations in their common walls.">nggota vessel saling berhubungan melalui perforasi di dinding bersama mereka. </span><span title="The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of angiosperms.">Kehadiran vessel adalah fitur karakteristik angiosperma. </span><span title="Xylem fibres have highly thickened walls and obliterated central lumens.">Serat xilem memiliki dinding yang sangat menebal dan lumen pusat dilenyapkan. Serat ini dapat memiliki </span><span title="These may either be septate or aseptate."> septate atau aseptate. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span title="Xylem parenchyma cells are living and thin-walled, and their cell walls are made up of cellulose."> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span title="Xylem parenchyma cells are living and thin-walled, and their cell walls are made up of cellulose.">Sel-sel parenkim xilem yang hidup dan berdinding tipis, dan dinding sel mereka terdiri dari selulosa. Parenkim </span><span title="They store food materials in the form of starch or fat, and other substances like tannins.">menyimpan bahan makanan dalam bentuk pati atau lemak, dan zat-zat lain seperti tanin. </span><span title="The radial conduction of water takes place by the ray parenchymatous cells.">Konduksi radial air terjadi karena sel-sel parenchym jari-jari empulur. Terdapat dua jenis x</span><span title="Primary xylem is of two types – protoxylem and metaxylem.">ilem primer, yaitu protoxylem dan metaxylem. </span><span title="The first formed primary xylem elements are called protoxylem and the later formed primary xylem is called metaxylem.">Pertama dibentuk elemen xilem primer disebut protoxylem, dan xilem primer yang dibentuk berikutnya disebut metaxylem. </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span title="In stems, the protoxylem lies towards the centre (pith) and the metaxylem lies towards the periphery of the organ."> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span title="In stems, the protoxylem lies towards the centre (pith) and the metaxylem lies towards the periphery of the organ.">Dalam batang, protoxylem terletak dekat pusat (empulur) dan metaxylem terletak menuju pinggiran organ batang. </span><span title="This type of primary xylem is called endarch.">Jenis xilem primer disebut endarch. </span><span title="In roots, the protoxylem lies towards periphery and metaxylem lies towards the centre.">Pada akar, protoxylem terletak menuju pinggiran dan metaxylem terletak menuju pusat. </span><span title="Such arrangement of primary xylem is called exarch.">Pengaturan tersebut dari xilem primer disebut Exarch. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">Sel penyusun xilem yang telah mati dan dinding tebalnya terdiri dari </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zat">zat</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lignin">lignin</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> yang berfungsi sebagai jaringan penguat.<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">Dengan demikian, xilem tersusun dari </span><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trakeid&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #ba0000; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trakeid (halaman belum tersedia)">trakeid</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> dan unsur pembuluh. Trakeid ditemukan pada xilem tumbuhan vaskuler, sebagian besar </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Angiosperma">angiosperma</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;">, beberapa tumbuhan </span><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gimnosperma&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #ba0000; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gimnosperma (halaman belum tersedia)">gimnosperma</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> dan tumbuhan vaskuler tidak berbiji. Sedangkan unsur pembuluh dan serat berfungsi untuk menghantar air dan garam-garam </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mineral">mineral</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> yang diserap oleh akar ke seluruh bagian tumbuhan dan menopang tubuh secara mekanis.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> Pada tumbuhan, xilem merupakan pipa-pipa yang saling berhubungan. Sehingga xilem merupakan lintasan terpanjang dalam transport air pada tanaman. Xilem dapat dikatakan sebagai </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapiler_(pembuluh_darah)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kapiler (pembuluh darah)">pembuluh kapiler</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> sehingga air naik di dalamnya sebagai akibat adhesi dinding xilem dengan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Molekul">molekul-molekul</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"> air.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: times;">Unsur xilem</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;">Unsur Trakeal merupakan unsur yang berfungsi sebagai pengangkut </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Air">air</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;"> dan zat terlarut yang ada di dalamnya. Sel-sel trakeal berbentuk memanjang, tidak mengandung </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protoplas">protoplas</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;"> atau bersifat mati, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dinding sel">dinding sel</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: left;"> mengandung lignin, memiliki berbagai macam noktah. Unsur trakeal ada dua jenis yaitu sel trakea dan sel trakeida. Bentuk penebalan trakea dapat berupa penebalan cincin, spiral, jala, dan pita.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;">Serat xilem adalah sel berbentuk memanjang dengan dinding sekunder mengandung lignin. Ada dua jenis <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Serat">serat</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> yang ada pada tumbuhan, yaitu serat trakeid dan serat libriform. Serat libriform berukuran lebih panjang dan memiliki dinding sel yang lebih tebal dibanding serat trakeid. Serat libroform terdapat noktah sederhana, sedangkan serat trakeid hanya memiliki noktah yang terlindung.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;">Parenkim xilem tersusun dari berbagai sel yang masih hidup. Terdapat pada xilem primer dan xilem sekunder. Pada xilem sekunder ada dua jenis <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenkim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parenkim">parenkim</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">, yaitu parenkim kayu dan parenkim jari-jari empulur.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> Parenkim pada xilem berfungsi untuk membantu proses </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">.</span></span></li></ul></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: times;">Terdapat 2 jenis xilem, yaitu:</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Xilem primer terbentuk dari proses pertumbuhan pertama musim tanam atau prokambium. Xilem primer terjadi pada ujung </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Batang">bat</a><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Batang">ang</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuncup" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kuncup">kuncup</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bunga">bung</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> a, dan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akar">akar</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">. Proses pertumbuhan ini akan membuat tanaman tumbuh semakin tinggi dan akar yang tumbuh dalam jangka waktu yang lebih lama.</span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Xilem sekunder terbentuk dari proses pertumbuhan kedua atau kambium. Proses ini memungkinkan tanaman tumbuh lebih luas. Proses ini terjadi rutin setiap tahun setelah pertumbuhan primer. Xilem sekunder membentuk cincin gelap dalam pohon yang berfungsi untuk mengukur usia pohon tersebut.</span></li></ul></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; text-align: start;"><b>3.4.2 Jaringan floem</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">Pembuluh tapis atau jaringan floem adalah </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_pengangkut" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jaringan pengangkut">jaringan pengangkut</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> pada </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> berpembuluh (</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheophyta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">) yang berfungsi dalam transportasi hasil </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">, terutama </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gula">gula</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrosa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sukrosa">sukrosa</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">, dan berbagai </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metabolisme">metabolit</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> lainnya dari daun menuju bagian-bagian tumbuhan lainnya, seperti </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Batang">batang</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akar">akar</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bunga">bunga</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buah">buah</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">, </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biji">biji</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">, dan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Umbi">umbi</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">. Proses transpor ini disebut sebagai </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">translokasi</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">. Daun merupakan sumber fotosintat (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">source</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">), sedangkan organ lain menjadi penampungnya (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">sink</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">). Arah pergerakan zat dalam pembuluh tapis berlawanan dengan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuluh_kayu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pembuluh kayu">pembuluh kayu</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">Berbeda dengan pembuluh kayu,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">-sel pembuluh tapis bersifat "aktif" dalam mengatur pergerakan hara di dalamnya. Dinding sel-selnya tipis dan memiliki struktur lubang-lubang. Sel-sel buluh tapis dihasilkan oleh</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kambium">kambium</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">pembuluh dan setelah "masak" tidak kehilangan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplasma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: times; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protoplasma">protoplasma</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">. Dalam sistem buluh tapis, biasanya sel-sel buluh tapis didampingi oleh sel-sel pengiring (pengantar) yang lebih kecil.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">Translokasi gula diatur oleh kebutuhan dari organ-organ pada jarak yang jauh dan bergantung pada tahap perkembangan tumbuhan. Proses yang umum dikenal sebagai</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;"> </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">aliran tekanan</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">. Konsentrasi gula yang tinggi di daun akan bergerak ke sel-sel dengan gradien konsentrasi yang lebih rendah. Pergerakan ini dikendalikan oleh proses biokimia pada organ-organ lainnya. Sebagai contoh, perkembangan buah dan biji memerlukan energi tinggi. Proses perkembangan ini akan menarik banyak gula dan substansi-substansi yang diperlukan dari daun dan organ lainnya. Kompetisi antar organ untuk mendapatkan pasokan energi dapat terjadi. Dalam pertanian, pemangkasan atau pengurangan banyaknya buah kerap dilakukan untuk menekan kompetisi dan menghasilkan produk dengan ukuran yang dikehendaki pasar.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="Phloem in angiosperms is composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres."><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="Phloem in angiosperms is composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.">Floem di angiospermae terdiri dari unsur-unsur sel tapis, sel pengantar, parenkim floem, dan serat (serabut) floem (Gambar 14). </span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="Gymnosperms have albuminous cells and sieve cells.">Gymnospermae memiliki sel bersifat zat putih telur dan sel saringan. Floem pada gymnospermae</span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="They lack sieve tubes and companion cells."> tidak memiliki saringan tabung dan sel pengantar. </span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="Sieve tube elements are also long, tube-like structures, arranged longitudinally and are associated with the companion cells.">Elemen tabung saringan juga panjang. Struktur seperti tabung diatur membujur dan berkaitan dengan sel pendamping (pengantar). </span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="Their end walls are perforated in a sieve-like manner to form the sieve plates.">Akhir dinding floem berlubang dengan cara saringan seperti untuk membentuk pelat saringan. </span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="A mature sieve element possesses a peripheral cytoplasm and a large vacuole but lacks a nucleus.">Sebuah elemen saringan matang memiliki sitoplasma perifer dan vakuola besar tetapi tidak memiliki inti. </span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="The functions of sieve tubes are controlled by the nucleus of companion cells.">Fungsi saringan tabung dikendalikan oleh inti sel pendamping. </span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="The companion cells are specialised parenchymatous cells, which are closely associated with sieve tube elements.">Sel-sel pendamping mengkhususkan sel parenchymatous, yang terkait erat dengan unsur-unsur tabung saringan. </span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="The sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by pit fields present between their common longitudinal walls.">Unsur-unsur tabung saringan dan sel pendamping (pengantar) dihubungkan dengan bidang pit hadir antara dinding memanjang bersama mereka. </span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times;" title="The companion cells help in maintaining the pressure gradient in the sieve tubes.">Sel-sel pendamping membantu dalam menjaga gradien tekanan dalam tabung saringan.</span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: times; text-align: center;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: times; text-align: center;"> </span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZHsLU8O929lYxz4FH1nYc7pIJFb1GiI7UIkhzZ8IYCBgW51Mf2UwwuiS4EsD1hdoMJyo90097GhvwpctaqjgIGCTeF3sBxYU_uwNf6Y94gAPIQdQ8vVp7Su1j2K3BA4CSjaWWU_Fj_5Ye/s553/Jaringan-floem.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="553" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZHsLU8O929lYxz4FH1nYc7pIJFb1GiI7UIkhzZ8IYCBgW51Mf2UwwuiS4EsD1hdoMJyo90097GhvwpctaqjgIGCTeF3sBxYU_uwNf6Y94gAPIQdQ8vVp7Su1j2K3BA4CSjaWWU_Fj_5Ye/s320/Jaringan-floem.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gambar 14. Jaringan Floem </td></tr></tbody></table> </span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span id="result_box" lang="id" style="font-family: times;"><span title="The cell wall is composed of cellulose and has pits through which plasmodesmatal connections exist between the cells.">Dinding sel terdiri dari selulosa dan memiliki lubang di mana koneksi plasmodesmata ada di antara sel-sel. P</span><span title="The phloem parenchyma stores food material and other substances like resins, latex and mucilage.">arenkim floem menyediakan bahan makanan dan zat-zat lain seperti resin, lateks dan lendir. Parenkim f</span><span title="Phloem parenchyma is absent in most of the monocotyledons.">loem absen di sebagian besar monokotil. Serat f</span><span title="Phloem fibres (bast fibres) are made up of sclerenchymatous cells.">loem serat (serat kulit pohon) yang terdiri dari sel-sel sclerenchymatous, b</span><span title="These are generally absent in the primary phloem but are found in the secondary phloem.">iasanya ini absen dalam floem primer namun ditemukan dalam floem sekunder. </span><span title="The cell wall of phloem fibres is quite thick.">Dinding sel serat floem cukup kental. </span><span title="At maturity, these fibres lose their protoplasm and become dead.">Pada saat tua, serat ini kehilangan protoplasma mereka dan menjadi mati. </span><span title="Phloem fibres of jute, flax and hemp are used commercially.">Serat floem dari serat jute, rami digunakan secara komersial. </span><span title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem.">Pertama yang dibentuk floem primer terdiri dari tabung saringan sempit dan disebut sebagai protophloem dan floem yang terbentuk kemudian memiliki saringan tabung yang lebih besar dan disebut sebagai metaphloem.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="font-family: times;">3.4.3 Sistem jaringan pembuluh (pengangkut)</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;">Sistem jaringan pembuluh primer terdiri dari sejumlah berkas pembuluh yang berbeda-beda ukurannya. Posisi xilem dan floem dalam berkas atau disebut juga ikatan pembuluh beragam. Pada penampang melintang dapat dibedakan beberapa macam ikatan pembuluh:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;">1) Ikatan pembuluh kolateral: floem bertempat di sebelah luar xilem. Ikatan pembulkuh kolateral tertrutup terdapat pada monokotil. Ikatan pembuluh kolateral terbuka jika diantara floem dan xilem terdapat kambium pembuluh, seperti pada tumbuhan dikotil umumnya. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;">2) Ikatan pembuluh bikolateral: terdapat floem di sebelah luar dan di sebelah dalam xilem. Jadi terdapat floem eksternal dan floem internal diantara xilem. Ikatan pembuluh seperti ini ditemukan pada beberapa familia seperti Cucurbitaceae dan Solanaceae.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;">3) Ikatan pembuluh konsentris, amfikribal: floem mengelilingi xilem. Ikatan pembuluh amfikribal sering terdapat pada paku, dan juga terdapat sebagai ikatan pembuluh kecil pada bunga, buah, dan biji Angiospermae. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;">4) Ikatan pembuluh konsentris, amfivasal: xilem mengelilingi floem, ditemukan pada beberapa dikotil, seperti pada ikatan pembuluh medula pada Begonia dan pada monokoptil seperti Liliaceae.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;">5) Ikatan pembuluh radial. Pada akar, letak berkas xilem bergantian dan berdampingan dengan berkas floem. Susunan seperti itu disebut susunan radial. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span lang="id"><span style="font-family: times;" title="The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and the later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is referred to as metaphloem."><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>Tugas 7</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Carilah gambar atau jika memungkinkan gunakan aplikasi mikroskop yang menunjukkan perbedaan anatomi jaringan yang terdapat pada akar, batang dan daun dikotil, monokotil, pinus pada saat muda dan tua! </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></span></span></div></div><div id="gt-lc"><div class="gt-cc-t"><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><b><span style="font-family: times;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;">Alponsin. 2018. <i>Tipe-tipe sayatan</i>. https://alponsin.wordpress.com/2018/10/10/tipe-tipe-sayatan-pada-tumbuhan/</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;">Anonim. 2021. <i>Bark</i>. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(botany)</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;">Anonim. 2021. <i>Epidermis.</i> https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_epidermis</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;">Anonim, 2021. <i>Kambium</i>. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambium</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;">Anonim. 2021. <i>Sel Tumbuhan.</i> https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_tumbuhan</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;">Anonim. 2021. <i>Secretory tissue system in plants structure classification and functions. </i></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><i>https://www.easybiologyclass.com/secretory-tissue-system-in-plants-structure-classification-and-functions-ppt/ </i> </span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;">Campbell, Reece & Mitchell. 2002. Biologi. Diterjemahkan oleh R. Lestari dkk (Edisi ke-5). Jakarta: Erlangga. ISBN<span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: rgba(0, 127, 255, 0.133); color: #202122;"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">9796884682.</span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Hidayat, E.B. 1995. <i>Anatomi Tumbuhan Berbiji</i>. Bandung: ITB</span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Smriti, S.N. 2021. <i>Bark and lenticel. </i>https://plantlet.org/bark-and-lenticel-a-brief-discussion/</span></span></div></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">Susilawati dan Bachtiar, N. (2018). </span><a class="external text" href="http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/26091/1/Buku%20Biologi%20Dasar%20Terintegrasi.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #3366bb; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Biologi Dasar Terintegrasi</i></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">(PDF)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">. Pektanbaru: Kreasi Edukasi. hlm. 131. </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-6879-99-8" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204);" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-6879-99-8">978-602-6879-99-8</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">.</span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><br /></span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><br /></span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="text-align: center;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><b style="color: black;">Latihan Soal</b></span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><br style="text-align: left;" /></div></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="text-align: center;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><br /></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><b style="color: black; text-align: center;"><br /></b></span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><b>A. Petunjuk: </b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: times;">Pilihlah jawaban yang paling tepat, dari beberapa alternatif jawaban yang disediakan!</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: times; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Angka 1, 2, dan 3 pada gambar di bawah ini menunjukkan ...</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ6s6H1thyphenhyphen7UnrjFeF9-25FX5794_DLHi9-FHgE6KQlJyaPtUjMjlvPVjpAgxOwOi2059s2_77_rF9Zz805V1uLAFrGGMzGrHuw_MUFubTekFKWcc2KJTYlm2ZcrtirWg9vQxQUVLzK_Ui/s416/Akar+Monokotil.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ6s6H1thyphenhyphen7UnrjFeF9-25FX5794_DLHi9-FHgE6KQlJyaPtUjMjlvPVjpAgxOwOi2059s2_77_rF9Zz805V1uLAFrGGMzGrHuw_MUFubTekFKWcc2KJTYlm2ZcrtirWg9vQxQUVLzK_Ui/s320/Akar+Monokotil.png" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">.</span></span></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">parenkim empulur, xilem, parenkim korteks<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span>parenkim korteks, xilem, parenkim empulur</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">parenkim, xilem, floem<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">parenkim, xilem, endodermis<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">parenkim, floem, endodermis<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">Jawab: a</span></span></p><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><br /></span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><br /></span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">2. Gambar pada soal nomor 1 di atas menunjukkan sayatan melintang dari ...</span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;">a. akar dikotil</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">batang
dikotil<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">akar
monokotil<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">batang
monokotil<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">rhizome<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;">Jawab: c</span></p><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">3. G</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">ambar di bawah i</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">ni menunjukkan tipe ikatan pembuluh ... </span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4CmKfjXFXF-oDTJ0ZXFV_oxISlwNi1aTFpFJ8ckZfjlRJbRdJUxCn608XlL3f7buGoYXOijLWYI8RwERrvQ-3ab-lbPEIBxhZdpdxpbEr9vHP9EoCgHCTrXMAlsU5pjqB2FR5NRKh300b/s341/Batang+Dikotil.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="341" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4CmKfjXFXF-oDTJ0ZXFV_oxISlwNi1aTFpFJ8ckZfjlRJbRdJUxCn608XlL3f7buGoYXOijLWYI8RwERrvQ-3ab-lbPEIBxhZdpdxpbEr9vHP9EoCgHCTrXMAlsU5pjqB2FR5NRKh300b/w246-h179/Batang+Dikotil.jpg" width="246" /></a></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times; text-indent: -4.5pt;"> </span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">a. bikolateral</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">kolateral terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">konsentris amfivasal<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">konsentris amfikribal<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">kolateral tertutup<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;">Jawab: b</span></p></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -4.5pt;"> </span></span></div></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. </span><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;">Berdasarkan bentuknya, parenkim pada gambar di bawah ini menunjukkan:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkBRNjj64a4GdQRDul_-dVNtZKx6B0wvvzROpy8cE-U_gqXHwM_SUnJ8BCCDP1Ldis7GYnrF3tMdTf7pg5X5siIQKqqEP4inmIBpW75aO7ITlx5gGzs9t3ey-rr5bsAKj_hYmYNX8KayO2/s300/Daun+Pinus.jpg" style="font-family: times; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="300" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkBRNjj64a4GdQRDul_-dVNtZKx6B0wvvzROpy8cE-U_gqXHwM_SUnJ8BCCDP1Ldis7GYnrF3tMdTf7pg5X5siIQKqqEP4inmIBpW75aO7ITlx5gGzs9t3ey-rr5bsAKj_hYmYNX8KayO2/w275-h180/Daun+Pinus.jpg" width="275" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -4.5pt;"> </span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">a. parenkim bunga karang</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">parenkim palisade<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;"><span><span>c.</span></span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span>parenkim bintang</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">parenkim lipatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">parenkim pengangkut<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">Jawab: d</span><span style="text-indent: -4.5pt;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br /></span></p><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;">5. G<span>ambar di bawah ini menunjukkan jaringan:</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times;"><span><br /></span><span lang="EN-US"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii1kXLWTEySW5d6-9ypnoOoYuxSR7vnKToVO0tVsX0ecxN9Z8Iq_MbO_I7qFIc3jHIQXAei3A779ojPdbev2AL9OzskbzCzFI8gDjuMVYbpNGqGtOLWZC_kbKKW8hpUy6dX_IyLxXwI4ID/s320/parenkim.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="240" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii1kXLWTEySW5d6-9ypnoOoYuxSR7vnKToVO0tVsX0ecxN9Z8Iq_MbO_I7qFIc3jHIQXAei3A779ojPdbev2AL9OzskbzCzFI8gDjuMVYbpNGqGtOLWZC_kbKKW8hpUy6dX_IyLxXwI4ID/w163-h218/parenkim.jpg" width="163" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span><span> </span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">a. kolenkim</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">sklerenkim<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;"><span><span>c.</span></span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span>floem</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">xilem<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">parenkim <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">Jawab: e</span><span style="text-indent: -4.5pt;"> </span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br /></span></div></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;">6. Fungsi organel pada gambar di bawah ini adalah </span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifWGyVhwEVwtarTVxIyAcbcxcRgioRcpcdzeG7l8wcBUWtaFS6keVFN1-JgUmk3ur_jNkTHg-4Iad_C1e8UT23h-XXf2e-cFaVvHpydCLTSCw7dKMFDPN_F9q-lQoMOkD4CGo5JM6NTter/s824/Aparatus+golgi.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: times;"><img border="0" data-original-height="584" data-original-width="824" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifWGyVhwEVwtarTVxIyAcbcxcRgioRcpcdzeG7l8wcBUWtaFS6keVFN1-JgUmk3ur_jNkTHg-4Iad_C1e8UT23h-XXf2e-cFaVvHpydCLTSCw7dKMFDPN_F9q-lQoMOkD4CGo5JM6NTter/w304-h215/Aparatus+golgi.png" width="304" /></span></a></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: times;"> </span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">a. menghasilkan energi</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">sintesis protein<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;"><span><span>c.</span></span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span>ekskresi sel</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">mendukung bentuk sel<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">e. menjaga turgor sel</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">Jawab: c.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></p></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">7. </span><span>G</span><span>ambar di bawah ini menunjukkan jaringan:</span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><br /></span></span></div><br /><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><br /></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><br /></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuFah6WSYAU60f6jFhAM1vHDIIHV_uAXVlTmdLekB5gSXQ-mNEN1P6zfpxj0ESJUDVfY1J8bcu1rEHk0KpYM-5ouXZtT2QMukEGfI1zQt8oQCYeIG22KW1krA5FTEOGf1hY0DjPhzDH7wL/s261/Kolenkim.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuFah6WSYAU60f6jFhAM1vHDIIHV_uAXVlTmdLekB5gSXQ-mNEN1P6zfpxj0ESJUDVfY1J8bcu1rEHk0KpYM-5ouXZtT2QMukEGfI1zQt8oQCYeIG22KW1krA5FTEOGf1hY0DjPhzDH7wL/s0/Kolenkim.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><br /></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">a. kolenkim</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">sklerenkim<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">c.</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">floem</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">xilem<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">parenkim <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab: a</span></p><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-indent: 0px;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></div></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><br /></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;">8. Gambar di bawah ini merupakan ...</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLNQu3Ln5TYehxstfbdpnA75rEdpaUq8oALScbCjwLQ3MM1L0d7FA-AFp6CL_QOneCGLBwqntOmFxfEGVTnoAWw0btdhCv-nDtO8Sfvklrpmgtp5qP458eN_zbUQHlLZlByU98kX7ZqQF-/s328/Hidatoda.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLNQu3Ln5TYehxstfbdpnA75rEdpaUq8oALScbCjwLQ3MM1L0d7FA-AFp6CL_QOneCGLBwqntOmFxfEGVTnoAWw0btdhCv-nDtO8Sfvklrpmgtp5qP458eN_zbUQHlLZlByU98kX7ZqQF-/s320/Hidatoda.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">a. latisifer</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">trikoma kelenjar<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;"><span><span>c.</span></span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span>hidatoda</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">nektarium<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> kelenjar madu</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;">Jawab: c</span></p><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">9. </span>G<span>ambar di bawah ini menunjukkan penampang melintang dari ...</span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="text-align: center;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKct5WkJYOPq9glazyI54JPiMhHxa8gskUJQsaz-6LDwCXpaDBZurbJF2VoOgK-ycui3tHCSFUgDNIQDy6XeqQ-fS2lhZ3jC_JlM06Lotsrjn-vVt6peJRCSIHFh4xzBqwKhZUo5m5_05S/s377/Batang+monokotil.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="368" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKct5WkJYOPq9glazyI54JPiMhHxa8gskUJQsaz-6LDwCXpaDBZurbJF2VoOgK-ycui3tHCSFUgDNIQDy6XeqQ-fS2lhZ3jC_JlM06Lotsrjn-vVt6peJRCSIHFh4xzBqwKhZUo5m5_05S/s320/Batang+monokotil.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="text-align: left;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"> </div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="text-align: left;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"> </div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"> </div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br /></p><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br /></p></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">a. batang dikotil</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> batang monokotil </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;"><span><span>c.</span></span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> akar dikotil </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> akar monokotil </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> akar kontraktil</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;">Jawab: b</span></p></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br /></p></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><br /></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br /></p></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-indent: 0px;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -24px;">10. Gambar di bawah ini menunjukkan ...</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-indent: 0px;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><br /></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-indent: 0px;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><br /></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-indent: 0px;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcHD46PN6pHp6aYlwJbZoBwf8TjYr-TIQag6qZHCJ4Hseir6Bvv9RLBej3V_P2dya5tmz8lx7TcmDvaFcYTJ8bT_BOskTCLeo70HObFFC9LNLD3BcSvtZU-XEOnUS_NxUlephqz7cR8wvn/s569/Sklerenkim.jpg.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="569" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcHD46PN6pHp6aYlwJbZoBwf8TjYr-TIQag6qZHCJ4Hseir6Bvv9RLBej3V_P2dya5tmz8lx7TcmDvaFcYTJ8bT_BOskTCLeo70HObFFC9LNLD3BcSvtZU-XEOnUS_NxUlephqz7cR8wvn/s320/Sklerenkim.jpg.png" width="320" /></a></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br /></p></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><br /></p></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;">a, jaringan kolenkim</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> ruang antar sel </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> ruang sekresi internal</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-indent: -4.5pt;">d.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> jaringan sklerenkim</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span style="font-family: times;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> jaringan parenkim</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;">Jawab: d</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in left 49.5pt; text-indent: -4.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><br /></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">B. Petunjuk: Jawablah pertanyaan di bawah ini dengan tepat!</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">11. Gambar dan sebutkan bagian-bagian lentisel, serta jelaskan fungsinya!</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">Jawab:</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="text-align: center;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLPlS-peajW7uIzv2n_EyHfTF8-EyQyxZLFgeZsYYihrL6vWEMUrmhAV-95fn7sgxfV86zF-pFEiDADr6yeIDk_bvySmCVFiSvofI-Oh95lMxe-NBF0F15vBYdfrdaZcP6L2Cb3GeSdRWN/s549/Lenticel.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="549" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLPlS-peajW7uIzv2n_EyHfTF8-EyQyxZLFgeZsYYihrL6vWEMUrmhAV-95fn7sgxfV86zF-pFEiDADr6yeIDk_bvySmCVFiSvofI-Oh95lMxe-NBF0F15vBYdfrdaZcP6L2Cb3GeSdRWN/s320/Lenticel.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lentisel berfungsi sebagai pori, dan menyediakan jalur untuk pertukaran langsung gas antara jaringan internal tumbuhan dengan atmosfer melalui kulit kayu, ketika bagian yang lainnya tidak dapat ditembus gas, bahkan pada malam hari ketika stomata ditutup.</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -0.25in;">12. Gambar inti sel dan bagian-bagiannya, serta jelaskan paling sedikit 5 fungsi inti sel!</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><span style="font-family: times; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Jawab:</span></div><div aria-label="Listen" aria-pressed="false" class="gt-ct-tts goog-inline-block trans-listen-button goog-toolbar-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Listen" role="button" style="text-align: center;" tabindex="0" unselectable="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZ5JlEwoCkdjff4txaKyaVkm_JIfjIMPwciPqj1LGbNPndoCbKwEkPglMMbWhiT2TrVpqY3ume4RmYJEZpgFs3wtjJPf4DVftVM2-E0abNqQAwoLHMP8ZUyy34i303RglV8DLU8AD5x49/s1024/Nucleus.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="838" data-original-width="1024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmZ5JlEwoCkdjff4txaKyaVkm_JIfjIMPwciPqj1LGbNPndoCbKwEkPglMMbWhiT2TrVpqY3ume4RmYJEZpgFs3wtjJPf4DVftVM2-E0abNqQAwoLHMP8ZUyy34i303RglV8DLU8AD5x49/s320/Nucleus.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Gambar inti sel dan bagian-bagiannya</div><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><p style="background-color: white; margin: 0.5em 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Fungsi inti sel (nukleus) adalah:</span></p><ul class="list-style" style="box-sizing: inherit; padding-left: 20px; text-align: start;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: times;">Mengontrol informasi genetik yang ada di dalam sel, sehingga masing-masing organisme (termasuk manusia) memiliki ciri khasnya masing-masing</span></li><li style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: times;">Mengontrol sintesis protein dan enzim</span></li><li style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: times;">Mengontrol pertumbuhan dan pembelahan sel</span></li><li style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: times;">Sebagai tempat<span style="color: #2b00fe;"> <a class="sc-htoDjs sc-jTzLTM jLhUaV" href="https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/apa-itu-genom-dan-dna" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">menyimpan DNA</a></span>, RNA, dan ribosom</span></li><li style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: times;">Mengatur proses transkripsi mRNAmenjadi protein</span></li><li style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: times;">Memproduksi ribosom.</span></li></ul></div></div></div>
</div>
Ratna Dewi Wulaningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544060422743888803noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8072369109419754113.post-45081668471717338622013-05-25T07:57:00.001-07:002013-06-19T08:26:38.188-07:00TUMBUHAN <div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>MORFOLOGI TUMBUHAN BERBUNGA</strong><br />
<span lang="id"><strong></strong></span><br />
<span lang="id"><strong>Oleh </strong></span></div>
<span lang="id"><strong>
</strong></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="id"><strong>Dra. Ratna Dewi Wulaningsih, M. Si.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="id"><strong>Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Jakarta</strong></span></div>
<span lang="id">
</span><br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><span class="hps"><strong>Kompetensi dasar:</strong></span></span></div>
<span lang="id">
</span><span lang="id">Mahasiswa memahami morfologi tumbuhan berbunga</span><br />
<span lang="id">
</span><br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><strong>Tujuan perkuliahan:</strong></span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini, mahasiswa diharapkan dapat menjelaskan perihal morfologi:</span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">(1) akar. </span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">(2) batang.</span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">(3) daun.</span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">(4) perbungaan. </span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">(5) bunga. </span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">(6) buah. </span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">(7) biji (benih).</span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">(8) tumbuhan dengan deskripsi semi teknik yang khas. </span></div>
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">(9) tumbuhan dengan d<span _mstdst="1_4:12" _mstsrc="1_4:14" id="Dst[1][4:14:4:12]">eskripsi beberapa familia.</span></span></div>
<span lang="id">
</span><br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><strong>Uraian:</strong></span></div>
<span lang="id"></span><br />
<div align="center" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><span class="hps"><span class="hps">Tumbuhan berbunga (Angiospermae) selalu memikat umat manusia, menunjukkan keragaman besar dalam struktur eksternal atau morfologi. ditandai dengan adanya akar, batang, daun, bunga dan buah-buahan. Klasifikasi tumbuhan umumnya berdasarkan karakteristik morfologi dan lainnya. <span title="For any successful attempt at classification and at understanding any higher plant (or for that matter any living organism) we need to know standard technical terms and standard definitions.">Untuk memudahkan melakukan klasifikasi pada tumbuhan, maka perlu diketahui istilah-istilah teknis standar dan definisi standar. Perlu diketahui pula kemungkinan variasi pada bagian tumbuhan sebagai adaptasi tumbuhan terhadap lingkungannya, misalnya terdapat akar atau batang yang berfungsi menyimpan cadangan makanan, adanya daun yang bermodifikasi menjadi sulur untuk memanjat, dll.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="id"><span class="hps"><span class="hps"></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="id"><span class="hps"><span class="hps"></span>Morfologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari bentuk dan susunan tubuh tumbuhan berdasarkan observasi melalui pengamatan langsung atau dengan bantuan peralatan seperti kaca pembesar dan mikroskop. </span><span class="hps">Deskripsi ini</span> <span class="hps">terutama</span> <span class="hps">dari</span><span class="hps"> segi struktural</span>, <span class="hps">baik eksternal maupun internal</span>. <span class="hps">Selain itu,</span> <span class="hps">fenomena</span> <span class="hps">hidup</span> <span class="hps">diamati dan</span> <span class="hps">dipahami,</span> <span class="hps">juga</span> <span class="hps">dicatat. H</span><span class="hps">al ini penting untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut bagian dari biologi, terutama aspek fisiologi</span>. </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="id"><span class="hps">Tumbuhan berbunga dibagi menjadi</span> <span class="hps">sistem akar</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> sistem pucuk (<span class="hps">tunas</span> <span class="hps">batang)</span>, <span class="hps">dihubungkan oleh</span> <span class="hps">jaringan pembuluh </span><span class="hps">yang berhubungan</span><span class="hps"> sepanjang</span> tubuh tumbuhan. <span class="hps">Sistem</span> <span class="hps">akar</span> <span class="hps">dikotil</span> <span class="hps">ini</span> <span class="hps">terdiri dari</span> <span class="hps">akar tunggang</span> <span class="hps">dan beberapa</span> <span class="hps">akar lateral</span>. Sistem pucuk<span class="hps"> </span><span class="hps">terdiri dari</span> <span class="hps">batang, daun</span>, <span class="hps">bunga dan buah</span>. D<span class="hps">aun</span> <span class="hps">melekat pada</span> <span class="hps">batang</span> <span class="hps">dengan</span> <span class="hps">tangkai daun</span> pada buku batang<span class="hps">,</span> <span class="hps">daerah</span> <span class="hps">batang</span> <span class="hps">di mana</span> <span class="hps">daun</span> <span class="hps">menempel</span>, <span class="hps">dipisahkan oleh</span> <span class="hps">ruas</span>. <span class="hps">Pada</span> ujung pucuk <span class="hps">adalah</span> <span class="hps">tunas</span> <span class="hps">terminal</span>, <span class="hps">titik tumbuh</span> <span class="hps">utama</span> untuk menambah tinggi batang. <span class="hps">Tunas ketiak</span> <span class="hps">terletak di</span> <span class="hps">sudut</span> <span class="hps">atas</span> <span class="hps">daun</span>. <span class="hps">Sebagian besar</span> <span class="hps">tunas ketiak</span> <span class="hps">tidak aktif</span>, <span class="hps">tetapi memiliki</span> <span class="hps">potensi untuk</span> <span class="hps">berkembang menjadi</span> organ <span class="hps">vegetatif</span> <span class="hps atn">(mendukung daun</span>), <span class="hps">bercabang, </span><span class="hps">menghasilkan bunga dan buah-buahan (gambar 1).</span></span></div>
<span lang="id">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVpb5GyOWgvwG5PHK_TbRJRZrH8oDTYXk5HmnNsx_DDamXQ9U7DbejIFRlW7hEphp8XhmxJhWOxDmp1DEtf1h4iUF7NZofrmk8hSrLdt6S1KmuIbAiKEunrb6q3kqHKjTnyfckSLzOu6AO/s1600/Gambar+5.1+Tumbuhan+berbunga.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVpb5GyOWgvwG5PHK_TbRJRZrH8oDTYXk5HmnNsx_DDamXQ9U7DbejIFRlW7hEphp8XhmxJhWOxDmp1DEtf1h4iUF7NZofrmk8hSrLdt6S1KmuIbAiKEunrb6q3kqHKjTnyfckSLzOu6AO/s1600/Gambar+5.1+Tumbuhan+berbunga.png" height="320" width="256" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwdOpvWG5XLiO-N-dHU2Tc1seHSFGnNpZLZRjVjCJaMy0nrjEfZJyrSNf-Fc9AJph3eJldE7arjKZVaoy705_YPM4lEqvJMs4QljdjKdy9jc2OGpnF2sf1Fx8E_jdnP2czBIN29PJIf-LA/s1600/Gambar+5.1+Tumbuhan+berbunga.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Gambar 1. Bagian-bagian tumbuhan berbunga (Anand, 2010)</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1)."><span id="result_box" lang="id"><strong><span class="hps">1. Akar</span></strong></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1)."><br />
<span lang="id"><span class="hps">Sistem akar pada tumbuhan Angiospermae, terdiri dari sistem akar tunggang dan sistem akar serabut. Sistem akar tunggang, jika akar lembaga tumbuh terus menjadi akar pokok (primer) yang bercabang-cabang menjadi akar sekunder, tertier dll. Cabang akarnya menjadi akar yang lebih kecil. Sistem akar tunggang ini biasanya terdapat pada tumbuhan biji belah (Dicotyledoneae) dan tumbuhan biji telanjang atau Gymnospermae (gambar 2 a). Sistem akar serabut, yaitu jika akar lembaga mati atau disusul oleh sejumlah akar yang kurang lebih sama besar dan semuanya keluar dari pangkal batang, bentuknya seperti serabut. Sistem akar serabut ini biasanya terdapat pada tumbuhan Monocotyledoneae (gambar 2 b). Fungsi utama <span class="hps">dari sistem</span> <span class="hps">akar adalah</span> menyerap <span class="hps">air dan</span> <span class="hps">mineral</span> <span class="hps">dari tanah</span>, memperkuat berdirinya tumbuhan<span class="hps">,</span> <span class="hps">menyimpan</span> <span class="hps">bahan</span> <span class="hps">makanan</span> <span class="hps">cadangan dan</span> <span class="hps">sintesis</span> <span class="hps">zat pengatur tumbuh</span>. <span class="hps">Pada</span> <span class="hps">beberapa tanaman</span>, <span class="hps">seperti rumput</span>, <span class="hps">Monstera</span> <span class="hps">dan pohon</span> <span class="hps">beringin</span>, <span class="hps">akar</span> <span class="hps">muncul dari</span> <span class="hps">bagian tanaman</span> <span class="hps">selain</span> <span class="hps">radikula</span> <span class="hps">dan disebut</span> <span class="hps">akar adventif</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span>Gambar <span class="hps">2c</span>).</span></span></span></span></div>
<span lang="id">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="id"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfwjHUgvSuk2vapHRCYTEXi8YiGisiwwaY74CXp0wUZc6JdRIkYcRgl7y3SI5S5d30bUiAc94svV8johuySRxtU4ALFgogw6j1CYVmHAwfguJ3gWlCeQZ6KKvESblLGj1WtdYyAZeMm2Q8/s1600/Gambar+5.2+Tunggang+serabut.png" height="275" width="400" /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; left: -6px; opacity: 1; text-align: center; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
Gambar 2. Sistem akar (a) Tunggang (b) Serabut (Anonim, 2013)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; left: -6px; opacity: 1; text-align: center; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; left: -6px; opacity: 1; text-align: center; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; left: -6px; opacity: 1; text-align: center; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdn9XYQzvozLuTMOsuPL6lN13kxKVN2bk8Xn-HFBOFSUQ6DzoX9VV7HhXYr05bvhE-MUfegUzUaX7LREmRXrsfcozjFnuZZLRwXV7RWwzVn6-HcFyc6ft_MlXgfry770ak_gmwL9pwzxB1/s1600/Gambar+5.2+Perakaran+MonsteraHA.jpg" height="320" width="203" /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; left: -6px; opacity: 1; text-align: center; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
Gambar 2 (c) Akar adventif pada Monstera (Anonim, 2013)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; left: -6px; opacity: 1; text-align: center; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
</div>
<div class="jfk-bubble jfk-bubble-promo" style="left: -6px; opacity: 1; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
<span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1)."><strong><span class="hps">1.1</span> Daerah perakaran</strong></span></span></div>
<div class="jfk-bubble jfk-bubble-promo" style="left: -6px; opacity: 1; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
<br /></div>
<div class="jfk-bubble jfk-bubble-promo" style="left: -6px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
<span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1)."><span class="hps">Ujung akar tertutup oleh </span>tudung akar (<em>root cap</em>)<span class="hps atn"> (</span>Gambar 3). Tudung akar ini melindungi ujung akar, untuk memudahkan akar bergerak dalam tanah. <span class="hps">Beberapa</span> <span class="hps">milimeter</span> <span class="hps">di atas</span> tudung <span class="hps">akar</span> <span class="hps">adalah daerah aktivitas</span> <span class="hps">meristematik</span>. <span class="hps">Sel-sel</span> <span class="hps">di daerah ini</span> <span class="hps">sangat kecil</span>, <span class="hps">berdinding tipis</span> <span class="hps">dan memiliki</span> <span class="hps">protoplasma</span> yang <span class="hps">padat</span>. Jaringan meristematik akar <span class="hps">membelah</span> <span class="hps">berulang kali</span>. <span class="hps">Sel-sel</span> <span class="hps">proksimal</span> <span class="hps"> daerah meristematik ini, </span> <span class="hps">mengalami</span> <span class="hps">pemanjangan</span><span class="hps"> dan</span> <span class="hps">pembesaran dengan cepat, serta</span><span class="hps"> bertanggung jawab</span> <span class="hps">untuk pertumbuhan</span> panjang <span class="hps">akar</span>. <span class="hps">Wilayah ini</span> <span class="hps">disebut sebagai daerah</span> <span class="hps">pemanjangan</span>. <span class="hps">Sel-sel</span> <span class="hps">dari zona</span> <span class="hps">pemanjangan</span> secara <span class="hps">bertahap</span> <span class="hps">mengalami pe</span><span class="hps">matangan</span>. <span class="hps">Oleh karena itu</span>, <span class="hps">zona </span><span class="hps">yang lebih proksimal dari </span><span class="hps">daerah</span> <span class="hps">perpanjangan</span>, <span class="hps">disebut</span> <span class="hps">wilayah</span> <span class="hps">pematangan</span>. <span class="hps">Dari</span> <span class="hps">daerah ini</span> <span class="hps">beberapa sel</span> <span class="hps">epidermis</span> <span class="hps">membentuk</span> struktur sel yang <span class="hps">sangat</span> <span class="hps">halus dan lembut</span>, <span class="hps">struktur sel ini seperti benang</span> <span class="hps">yang disebut</span> <span class="hps">rambut akar</span>. <span class="hps">Rambut-rambut</span> <span class="hps">akar</span> <span class="hps">menyerap air</span> <span class="hps">dan mineral</span> <span class="hps">dari tanah</span>.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; left: 19.5px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
<span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1)."> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqqnx4Swd-DFuKq5aDzhkIxBeThUQs6V1StisFE7sjpjZR-ZmwtbeXuvPoZdpZgARLDkQDhkbX6kitITR3Q85Q-15eInYlBrRZlusYAWCr8wjJixpImg-YZWkYVo3Kp2_SzyWj4IQh5Gdp/s1600/Gambar+5.3+Ujung+akar.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqqnx4Swd-DFuKq5aDzhkIxBeThUQs6V1StisFE7sjpjZR-ZmwtbeXuvPoZdpZgARLDkQDhkbX6kitITR3Q85Q-15eInYlBrRZlusYAWCr8wjJixpImg-YZWkYVo3Kp2_SzyWj4IQh5Gdp/s1600/Gambar+5.3+Ujung+akar.png" height="270" width="320" /></a><span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1)."> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; left: 19.5px; opacity: 1; text-align: center; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
<span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1)."><span class="hps">Gambar 5.3 Daerah-daerah</span> ujung <span class="hps">akar (Anand, 2010)</span></span></span></div>
<div class="jfk-bubble jfk-bubble-promo" style="left: -6px; opacity: 1; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
</div>
<div class="jfk-bubble jfk-bubble-promo" style="left: -6px; opacity: 1; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
<span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1)."><strong><span class="hps">1.2</span> <span class="hps">Modifikasi</span> a<span class="hps">kar</span></strong></span></span></div>
<div class="jfk-bubble jfk-bubble-promo" style="left: -6px; opacity: 1; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
<br /></div>
<div class="jfk-bubble jfk-bubble-promo" style="left: -6px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
<span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1)."><span class="hps">Beberapa tanaman</span> <span class="hps">mengubah bentuk</span> <span class="hps">dan struktur akar, </span><span class="hps"> dan</span> bermodifikasi<span class="hps"> untuk melakukan</span> <span class="hps">fungsi-fungsi</span> <span class="hps">lain selain</span> <span class="hps">penyerapan dan</span> <span class="hps">konduksi</span> <span class="hps">air</span> <span class="hps">dan mineral</span>. Akar <span class="hps">dimodifikasi untuk</span> <span class="hps">mendukung</span> respirasi dan <span class="hps">penyimpanan makanan </span> <span class="hps atn">(</span>Gambar 4 <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">5)</span>. A<span class="hps">kar</span> tombak pada <span class="hps">wortel</span>, <span class="hps">lobak</span> <span class="hps">dan akar</span> <span class="hps">adventif</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">ubi jalar</span>, dapat mem<span class="hps">bengkak dan</span> menyimpan cadangan<span class="hps"> makanan</span>. <span class="hps">Dapatkah Anda memberikan beberapa</span> <span class="hps">contoh modifikasi bentuk akar lainnya </span><span class="hps">seperti itu?</span> <span class="hps">Pernahkah Anda</span> <span class="hps">bertanya-tanya mengenai struktur apa</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">menggantung,</span> <span class="hps">yang mendukung</span> <span class="hps">pohon beringin</span>? <span class="hps">Ini disebut</span> <span class="hps">akar</span> udara atau akar gantung yang membantu tanaman menyerap air dan gas dari udara, tetapi setelah mencapai tanah, bagian yang masuk tanah berfungsi seperti akar biasa, menyerap air dan zat makanan dari tanah. Bagian yang ada di atas tanah sering kali berubah menjadi batang. <span class="hps">Demikian pula,</span> <span class="hps">batang</span> <span class="hps">jagung dan</span> <span class="hps">tebu</span> <span class="hps">telah</span> <span class="hps">mendukung</span> <span class="hps">akar</span> <span class="hps">yang keluar dari</span> buku batang bagian <span class="hps">bawah</span>. <span class="hps">Ini disebut</span> <span class="hps">akar</span> tunjang dan memberikan kesan seperti orang naik egrang, atau disebut juga akar egrang. <span class="hps">Dalam beberapa</span> <span class="hps">tanaman seperti</span> <span class="hps">Rhizophora</span> <span class="hps">tumbuh di</span> <span class="hps">daerah rawa</span>, <span class="hps">banyak akar</span> <span class="hps">keluar dari</span> <span class="hps">tanah</span> <span class="hps">dan tumbuh</span> <span class="hps">vertikal ke atas</span>. <span class="hps">Akar</span> <span class="hps">tersebut</span>, <span class="hps">disebut</span> <span class="hps"><em>pneumatophores</em></span>, <span class="hps">membantu tumbuhan mendapatkan</span> <span class="hps">oksigen untuk respirasi</span>.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; left: 19.5px; opacity: 1; text-align: justify; top: 31px; visibility: visible;">
<span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1)."></span></span></div>
<span lang="id"><span title="The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system (Figure 5.1).">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI35vOMdQ8QgLr9ythJGiUhR6dJj-BNSZsZc1QFlQMHV949XuJBa9pik0WpZk0Ii3biJCdyR7-mszez1Ub_wvUnOg6Cx6MXZjo7nc3914s-xjSdGBzsWNSIDc_ENVnJFrieYUic4x1CmVe/s1600/gambar+5.4+Modifikasi+akar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI35vOMdQ8QgLr9ythJGiUhR6dJj-BNSZsZc1QFlQMHV949XuJBa9pik0WpZk0Ii3biJCdyR7-mszez1Ub_wvUnOg6Cx6MXZjo7nc3914s-xjSdGBzsWNSIDc_ENVnJFrieYUic4x1CmVe/s1600/gambar+5.4+Modifikasi+akar.jpg" height="200" width="158" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9diHi9iDxbrSDOAIs1tWFPuLd5RpQjbtib4L1RP_70faIPSdUYWNOYrrblxPxIbklrcZIadxVjGleAgdJ42muXG7DhCM1eXR4-Qux4m-zC3KTkx2goD1XlTSXFphdbatKmCDGoIxZomw-/s1600/Gambar+5.2+Perakaran+MonsteraHA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div align="center">
Gambar 4. Modifikasi akar untuk respirasi pada Beringin (Anand, 2010)</div>
<div align="center">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfj1FaPWR55UFHxUf_bnuw7EU9c1czNy0bGBrqAZ9ueCzamcielTmOLg4CHwNzqcGJUVskp1-oUSqo5FPYeukeUj_9JyYKC-uILFnwR1hAsYx36LqV5GU3RbyZ_njD9GZZXQTJC3-U3dF6/s1600/Gambar+5.1+Modifikasi+akar.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfj1FaPWR55UFHxUf_bnuw7EU9c1czNy0bGBrqAZ9ueCzamcielTmOLg4CHwNzqcGJUVskp1-oUSqo5FPYeukeUj_9JyYKC-uILFnwR1hAsYx36LqV5GU3RbyZ_njD9GZZXQTJC3-U3dF6/s1600/Gambar+5.1+Modifikasi+akar.jpg.png" height="115" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Gambar 5. Modifikasi akar (a) Penyimpan cadangan makanan dan (b) Respirasi: sebagai pneumatophore pada Rhizophora (Anand, 2010)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span lang="id"><strong>2. Batang</strong></span><br />
</div>
<div class="force_dir" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">Apa sajakah fitur yang membedakan batang dari akar? </span><span lang="id">Batang adalah bagian tumbuhan yang tumbuh di atas tanah, mendukung cabang, daun, bunga dan buah-buahan. </span><span lang="id">Berkembang dari embrio pada saat perkecambahan biji. </span><span lang="id">Batang memiliki buku dan ruas. </span><span lang="id">Wilayah batang dimana daun muncul disebut buku, sementara ruas adalah bagian di antara dua buku. Pada b</span><span lang="id">atang terdapat tunas terminal atau aksilaris. </span><span lang="id">Batang umumnya berwarna hijau ketika muda, kemudian sering menjadi kayu dan berwarna cokelat.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="force_dir" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">Fungsi utama dari batang adalah tempat keluarnya cabang dan tersebarnya daun, bunga dan buah-buahan. </span><span lang="id">Melakukan transportasi air, mineral dan hasil fotosintesis. </span><span lang="id">Beberapa batang melakukan fungsi penyimpanan makanan, pendukung, perlindungan dan propagasi vegetatif.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span lang="id"><strong>Modifikasi dari batang</strong></span></div>
<br />
<div class="force_dir" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">Batang tidak selalu berbentuk panjang bulat seperti silinder, seperti biasanya menuju ke arah cahaya matahari (heliotrop). Batang dapat bermodifikasi </span><span lang="id"> untuk melakukan fungsi yang berbeda. Batang yang berada dalam t</span><span lang="id">anah, yang berasal dari tumbuhan kentang, jahe, kunyit, Colocasia dimodifikasi untuk menyimpan makanan. Batang</span><span lang="id"> juga bertindak sebagai organ memanjat untuk mengatasi kondisi yang tidak menguntungkan untuk pertumbuhan. S</span><span lang="id">ulur batang berkembang dari kuncup axillary, bentuknya ramping dan melingkar, serta membantu tanaman untuk memanjat seperti pada mentimun, labu, semangka dan anggur. </span><span lang="id"> Tunas axillary pada batang juga dapat bermodifikasi ke dalam bentuk yang berkayu, lurus, tajam seperti duri. Bentuk duri ini </span><span lang="id"> ditemukan di banyak tanaman seperti jeruk, bugenvil. Duri</span><span lang="id"> melindungi tanaman dari gangguan hewan. </span><span lang="id">Beberapa tanaman dari daerah kering memodifikasi batang tumbuhan menjadi struktur rata (Opuntia), atau silinder yang berdaging(Euphorbia). Pada tanaman Opuntia dan Euphorbia ini, batang</span><span lang="id"> mengandung klorofil dan melaksanakan fotosintesis. </span><span lang="id">Batang yang berada di bawah tanah beberapa tanaman seperti rumput dan stroberi, dll, menyebar dalam bentuk stolon. </span><span lang="id">Pada tanaman seperti mint dan jasmine cabang lateral yang ramping muncul dari bagian dasar sumbu utama dan setelah tumbuh secara aerially untuk beberapa waktu, kemudian melengkung ke bawah untuk menyentuh tanah. </span><span lang="id">Cabang lateral dengan ruas yang pendek pada setiap bantalan roset daun, serta seberkas akar ditemukan dalam tanaman air, seperti kayu apu atau kiambang (<i>Pistia stratiotes</i>) dan Eichhornia. </span><span lang="id">Pisang, nanas dan krisan, cabang lateral berasal dari bagian basal batang utama di bawah tanah, yang tumbuh horizontal di bawah tanah dan kemudian keluar miring ke atas sehingga menimbulkan tunas yang berdaun.</span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
</div>
<div class="force_dir">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5OaimRPTrI8MT5ARN887qLrCsGB5p9EbcL_DXtAXnqoz05olZLSSyHCmAybcLtRXCaKKf4bzqcwRh9Ioq6BR3B-JkaPGFDT4oN-kSkXKsG6v3CAge5ZjGJDOhkJ8ok0EnqbmlruOeRmng/s1600/Gambar+16+Modifikasi+batang.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5OaimRPTrI8MT5ARN887qLrCsGB5p9EbcL_DXtAXnqoz05olZLSSyHCmAybcLtRXCaKKf4bzqcwRh9Ioq6BR3B-JkaPGFDT4oN-kSkXKsG6v3CAge5ZjGJDOhkJ8ok0EnqbmlruOeRmng/s1600/Gambar+16+Modifikasi+batang.png" height="186" width="320" /></a> </div>
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[0]">
<span _mstdst="0_4:9" _mstsrc="0_0:5" id="Dst[0][0:5:4:9]">Gambar 6.</span> M<span _mstdst="0_11:20" _mstsrc="0_11:23" id="Dst[0][11:23:11:20]">odifikasi</span> <span _mstdst="0_27:32" _mstsrc="0_28:31" id="Dst[0][28:31:27:32]">batang</span> : <span _mstdst="0_41:43" _mstsrc="0_39:41" id="Dst[0][39:41:41:43]">(a)</span> P<span _mstdst="0_45:55" _mstsrc="0_43:49" id="Dst[0][43:49:45:55]">enyimpanan cadangan makanan</span> <span _mstdst="0_57:59" _mstsrc="0_51:53" id="Dst[0][51:53:57:59]">(b)</span> Pendukung <span _mstdst="0_70:72" _mstsrc="0_63:65" id="Dst[0][63:65:70:72]">(c)</span> <span _mstdst="0_74:85" _mstsrc="0_67:76" id="Dst[0][67:76:74:85]">Perlindungan</span> <span _mstdst="0_87:89" _mstsrc="0_78:80" id="Dst[0][78:80:87:89]">(d)</span> Menjalar <span _mstdst="0_98:100" _mstsrc="0_89:91" id="Dst[0][89:91:98:100]">dan</span> p<span _mstdst="0_102:112" _mstsrc="0_104:114" id="Dst[0][104:114:102:112]">erbanyakan</span> <span _mstdst="0_114:122" _mstsrc="0_93:102" id="Dst[0][93:102:114:122]">vegetatif (Anand, 2010)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[0]">
<span _mstdst="0_114:122" _mstsrc="0_93:102"></span> </div>
<div align="justify" class="force_dir" name="div[0]">
<span _mstdst="0_114:122" _mstsrc="0_93:102"><strong><span _mstdst="0_0:2" _mstsrc="0_0:2" id="Dst[0][0:2:0:2]">3. </span><span _mstdst="0_4:7" _mstsrc="0_8:11" id="Dst[0][8:11:4:7]">Daun</span></strong></span></div>
<span _mstdst="0_114:122" _mstsrc="0_93:102">
</span><br />
<div align="justify" class="force_dir" name="div[1]">
<span _mstdst="0_114:122" _mstsrc="0_93:102"><span _mstdst="1_0:3" _mstsrc="1_4:7" id="Dst[1][4:7:0:3]">Daun</span> <span _mstdst="1_5:10" _mstsrc="1_9:10" id="Dst[1][9:10:5:10]">adalah</span> <span _mstdst="1_12:19" _mstsrc="1_43:51" id="Dst[1][43:51:12:19]">struktur</span> <span _mstdst="1_21:27" _mstsrc="1_14:20" id="Dst[1][14:20:21:27]">lateral</span>, <span _mstdst="1_30:36" _mstsrc="1_23:31" id="Dst[1][23:31:30:36]">umumnya</span> berbentuk <span _mstdst="1_38:41" _mstsrc="1_33:41" id="Dst[1][33:41:38:41]">rata</span> dan melekat <span _mstdst="1_54:57" _mstsrc="1_59:60" id="Dst[1][59:60:54:57]">pada</span> <span _mstdst="1_59:64" _mstsrc="1_66:69" id="Dst[1][66:69:59:64]">batang</span>. Daun <span _mstdst="1_71:80" _mstsrc="1_75:82" id="Dst[1][75:82:71:80]">berkembang</span> <span _mstdst="1_82:85" _mstsrc="1_84:85" id="Dst[1][84:85:82:85]">pada</span> buku <span _mstdst="1_92:94" _mstsrc="1_96:98" id="Dst[1][96:98:92:94]">dan</span> kuncup ketiak (<em>axillary</em>) muncul pada sudut diantara batang dan daun. <span _mstdst="1_130:135" _mstsrc="1_138:140" id="Dst[1][138:140:130:135]">Kuncup</span> <span _mstdst="1_137:144" _mstsrc="1_129:136" id="Dst[1][129:136:137:144]"><em>axillary</em></span> <span _mstdst="1_146:153" _mstsrc="1_142:146" id="Dst[1][142:146:146:153]">kemudian</span> <span _mstdst="1_155:164" _mstsrc="1_148:155" id="Dst[1][148:155:155:164]">berkembang</span> <span _mstdst="1_166:172" _mstsrc="1_157:160" id="Dst[1][157:160:166:172]">menjadi</span> <span _mstdst="1_174:179" _mstsrc="1_164:169" id="Dst[1][164:169:174:179]">cabang</span>. <span _mstdst="1_182:185" _mstsrc="1_172:177" id="Dst[1][172:177:182:185]">Daun</span> <span _mstdst="1_187:193" _mstsrc="1_179:187" id="Dst[1][179:187:187:193]">berasal</span> <span _mstdst="1_195:198" _mstsrc="1_189:192" id="Dst[1][189:192:195:198]">dari</span> meristem <span _mstdst="1_209:214" _mstsrc="1_200:205" id="Dst[1][200:205:209:214]">apical </span><span _mstdst="1_226:228" _mstsrc="1_217:219" id="Dst[1][217:219:226:228]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="1_230:236" _mstsrc="1_225:232" id="Dst[1][225:232:230:236]">disusun</span> <span _mstdst="1_238:242" _mstsrc="1_234:235" id="Dst[1][234:235:238:242]">dalam</span> <span _mstdst="1_244:249" _mstsrc="1_250:254" id="Dst[1][250:254:244:249]">urutan</span> <span _mstdst="1_251:259" _mstsrc="1_240:248" id="Dst[1][240:248:251:259]">acropetal</span>. Daun <span _mstdst="1_269:274" _mstsrc="1_262:264" id="Dst[1][262:264:269:274]">adalah</span> <span _mstdst="1_276:280" _mstsrc="1_296:301" id="Dst[1][296:301:276:280]">organ</span> <span _mstdst="1_282:290" _mstsrc="1_285:294" id="Dst[1][285:294:282:290]">vegetatif</span> <span _mstdst="1_292:297" _mstsrc="1_270:273" id="Dst[1][270:273:292:297]">paling</span> <span _mstdst="1_299:305" _mstsrc="1_275:283" id="Dst[1][275:283:299:305]">penting</span> <span _mstdst="1_307:311" _mstsrc="1_303:305" id="Dst[1][303:305:307:311]">untuk</span> <span _mstdst="1_313:324" _mstsrc="1_307:320" id="Dst[1][307:320:313:324]">fotosintesis</span>.</span></div>
<span _mstdst="0_114:122" _mstsrc="0_93:102">
</span><br />
<div align="justify" class="force_dir" name="div[2]">
<span _mstdst="0_114:122" _mstsrc="0_93:102"><span _mstdst="2_0:3" _mstsrc="2_10:13" id="Dst[2][10:13:0:3]">Daun</span> umumnya <span _mstdst="2_10:16" _mstsrc="2_15:22" id="Dst[2][15:22:10:16]">terdiri</span> <span _mstdst="2_18:21" _mstsrc="2_24:25" id="Dst[2][24:25:18:21]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="2_23:26" _mstsrc="2_27:31" id="Dst[2][27:31:23:26]">tiga</span> <span _mstdst="2_28:33" _mstsrc="2_38:42" id="Dst[2][38:42:28:33]">bagian</span> <span _mstdst="2_35:39" _mstsrc="2_33:36" id="Dst[2][33:36:35:39]">utama</span>: <span _mstdst="2_47:51" _mstsrc="2_50:53" id="Dst[2][50:53:47:51]">dasar daun</span>, <span _mstdst="2_54:65" _mstsrc="2_56:62" id="Dst[2][56:62:54:65]">tangkai daun</span> <span _mstdst="2_67:69" _mstsrc="2_64:66" id="Dst[2][64:66:67:69]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_71:76" _mstsrc="2_68:73" id="Dst[2][68:73:71:76]">lamina atau helai daun</span><span _mstdst="2_89:90" _mstsrc="2_87:89" id="Dst[2][87:89:89:90]">.</span> <span _mstdst="2_92:95" _mstsrc="2_95:98" id="Dst[2][95:98:92:95]">Daun </span><span _mstdst="2_102:108" _mstsrc="2_103:113" id="Dst[2][103:113:102:108]">melekat</span> pada <span _mstdst="2_110:115" _mstsrc="2_119:122" id="Dst[2][119:122:110:115]">batang</span> di dasar <span _mstdst="2_128:131" _mstsrc="2_131:134" id="Dst[2][131:134:128:131]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="2_133:135" _mstsrc="2_141:143" id="Dst[2][141:143:133:135]">dan</span> diapit di bagian lateral batang oleh <span _mstdst="2_153:155" _mstsrc="2_154:156" id="Dst[2][154:156:153:155]">dua</span> <span _mstdst="2_157:160" _mstsrc="2_172:175" id="Dst[2][172:175:157:160]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="2_162:166" _mstsrc="2_166:170" id="Dst[2][166:170:162:166]">kecil</span> yang <span _mstdst="2_193:199" _mstsrc="2_193:198" id="Dst[2][193:198:193:199]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="2_201:208" _mstsrc="2_200:207" id="Dst[2][200:207:201:208]">stipula (Gambar 7a)</span>. Pada tumbuhan <span _mstdst="2_214:227" _mstsrc="2_213:226" id="Dst[2][213:226:214:227]">monocotyledoneae</span>, <span _mstdst="2_230:238" _mstsrc="2_229:231" id="Dst[2][229:231:230:238]">pangkal </span><span _mstdst="2_240:243" _mstsrc="2_233:236" id="Dst[2][233:236:240:243]">daun</span> meluas membentuk <span _mstdst="2_260:267" _mstsrc="2_258:263" id="Dst[2][258:263:260:267]">selubung</span> yang <span _mstdst="2_274:281" _mstsrc="2_265:272" id="Dst[2][265:272:274:281]">menutupi</span> <span _mstdst="2_290:297" _mstsrc="2_283:291" id="Dst[2][283:291:290:297]">sebagian</span> <span _mstdst="2_299:302" _mstsrc="2_293:294" id="Dst[2][293:294:299:302]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="2_304:313" _mstsrc="2_296:301" id="Dst[2][296:301:304:313]">seluruh batang yang disebut pelepah</span>. <span _mstdst="2_316:317" _mstsrc="2_304:305" id="Dst[2][304:305:316:317]">Di</span> <span _mstdst="2_319:326" _mstsrc="2_307:310" id="Dst[2][307:310:319:326]">beberapa</span> <span _mstdst="2_328:334" _mstsrc="2_323:328" id="Dst[2][323:328:328:334]">tanaman</span> <span _mstdst="2_336:343" _mstsrc="2_312:321" id="Dst[2][312:321:336:343]">polongan</span> dasar daun <span _mstdst="2_354:358" _mstsrc="2_343:345" id="Dst[2][343:345:354:358]">dapat</span> <span _mstdst="2_360:366" _mstsrc="2_347:352" id="Dst[2][347:352:360:366]">mem</span><span _mstdst="2_368:374" _mstsrc="2_354:360" id="Dst[2][354:360:368:374]">bengkak</span>, <span _mstdst="2_377:380" _mstsrc="2_363:367" id="Dst[2][363:367:377:380]">yang</span> <span _mstdst="2_382:388" _mstsrc="2_372:377" id="Dst[2][372:377:382:388]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="2_390:397" _mstsrc="2_383:390" id="Dst[2][383:390:390:397]">pulvinus</span>. <span _mstdst="2_400:411" _mstsrc="2_397:403" id="Dst[2][397:403:400:411]">Tangkai daun</span> <span _mstdst="2_413:420" _mstsrc="2_405:408" id="Dst[2][405:408:413:420]">membantu mengarahkan helai daun</span> <span _mstdst="2_437:438" _mstsrc="2_425:426" id="Dst[2][425:426:437:438]">ke</span> <span _mstdst="2_440:445" _mstsrc="2_428:432" id="Dst[2][428:432:440:445]">cahaya</span>. Helai daun umumnya berbentuk t<span _mstdst="2_448:452" _mstsrc="2_440:443" id="Dst[2][440:443:448:452]">ipis,</span> <span _mstdst="2_454:460" _mstsrc="2_435:438" id="Dst[2][435:438:454:460]">panjang, </span><span _mstdst="2_470:478" _mstsrc="2_445:452" id="Dst[2][445:452:470:478]">fleksibel dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_480:491" _mstsrc="2_463:467" id="Dst[2][463:467:480:491]">memungkinkan</span> helai <span _mstdst="2_499:502" _mstsrc="2_469:472" id="Dst[2][469:472:499:502]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="2_504:508" _mstsrc="2_481:482" id="Dst[2][481:482:504:508]">untuk</span> <span _mstdst="2_510:517" _mstsrc="2_484:490" id="Dst[2][484:490:510:517]">bergetar</span> ketika terkena <span _mstdst="2_525:529" _mstsrc="2_495:498" id="Dst[2][495:498:525:529]">angin</span>, <span _mstdst="2_532:539" _mstsrc="2_501:507" id="Dst[2][501:507:532:539]">sehingga</span> terjadi <span _mstdst="2_541:551" _mstsrc="2_509:515" id="Dst[2][509:515:541:551]">pendinginan</span> <span _mstdst="2_553:556" _mstsrc="2_521:524" id="Dst[2][521:524:553:556]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="2_558:560" _mstsrc="2_526:528" id="Dst[2][526:528:558:560]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_562:568" _mstsrc="2_530:537" id="Dst[2][530:537:562:568]">membawa</span> <span _mstdst="2_570:574" _mstsrc="2_545:547" id="Dst[2][545:547:570:574]">udara</span> <span _mstdst="2_576:580" _mstsrc="2_539:543" id="Dst[2][539:543:576:580]">segar</span> <span _mstdst="2_582:583" _mstsrc="2_549:550" id="Dst[2][549:550:582:583]">ke</span> <span _mstdst="2_585:593" _mstsrc="2_557:563" id="Dst[2][557:563:585:593]">permukaan</span> <span _mstdst="2_595:598" _mstsrc="2_552:555" id="Dst[2][552:555:595:598]">daun</span>. <span _mstdst="2_601:606" _mstsrc="2_566:575" id="Dst[2][566:575:601:606]">Lamina</span> <span _mstdst="2_608:611" _mstsrc="2_577:578" id="Dst[2][577:578:608:611]">atau</span> helai <span _mstdst="2_619:622" _mstsrc="2_584:587" id="Dst[2][584:587:619:622]">daun</span> berwarna <span _mstdst="2_648:652" _mstsrc="2_602:606" id="Dst[2][602:606:648:652]">hijau</span><span _mstdst="2_654:657" _mstsrc="2_629:632" id="Dst[2][629:632:654:657]">,</span> diperluas dengan pertulangan daun. <span _mstdst="2_685:692" _mstsrc="2_669:675" id="Dst[2][669:675:685:692]">Biasanya di bagian </span><span _mstdst="2_719:724" _mstsrc="2_680:685" id="Dst[2][680:685:719:724]">tengah terdapat pertulangan daun</span>, <span _mstdst="2_727:730" _mstsrc="2_703:707" id="Dst[2][703:707:727:730]">yang</span> <span _mstdst="2_732:738" _mstsrc="2_712:716" id="Dst[2][712:716:732:738]">dikenal</span> <span _mstdst="2_740:746" _mstsrc="2_718:719" id="Dst[2][718:719:740:746]">sebagai ibu tulang daun, yang bercabang menjadi tulang cabang tingkat 1, tulang cabang tingkat 2, <span _mstdst="2_671:673" _mstsrc="2_645:647" id="Dst[2][645:647:671:673]">dan</span> urat daun</span>. Pertulangan daun <span _mstdst="2_762:771" _mstsrc="2_739:745" id="Dst[2][739:745:762:771]">memberikan</span> <span _mstdst="2_773:780" _mstsrc="2_747:754" id="Dst[2][747:754:773:780]">kekakuan</span> pada helai <span _mstdst="2_788:791" _mstsrc="2_763:766" id="Dst[2][763:766:788:791]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="2_793:795" _mstsrc="2_774:776" id="Dst[2][774:776:793:795]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_797:805" _mstsrc="2_778:780" id="Dst[2][778:780:797:805]">bertindak</span> <span _mstdst="2_807:813" _mstsrc="2_782:783" id="Dst[2][782:783:807:813]">sebagai</span> <span _mstdst="2_815:821" _mstsrc="2_785:792" id="Dst[2][785:792:815:821]">saluran</span> <span _mstdst="2_823:834" _mstsrc="2_797:805" id="Dst[2][797:805:823:834]">transportasi</span> <span _mstdst="2_836:840" _mstsrc="2_807:809" id="Dst[2][807:809:836:840]">untuk</span> <span _mstdst="2_842:844" _mstsrc="2_811:815" id="Dst[2][811:815:842:844]">air</span>, <span _mstdst="2_847:853" _mstsrc="2_818:825" id="Dst[2][818:825:847:853]">mineral</span> <span _mstdst="2_855:857" _mstsrc="2_827:829" id="Dst[2][827:829:855:857]">dan</span> bahan-<span _mstdst="2_865:869" _mstsrc="2_836:844" id="Dst[2][836:844:865:869]">bahan</span> <span _mstdst="2_871:877" _mstsrc="2_831:834" id="Dst[2][831:834:871:877]">makanan</span>. <span _mstdst="2_880:885" _mstsrc="2_851:855" id="Dst[2][851:855:880:885]">Bentuk daun</span>, tepi daun, ujung daun, pangkal daun, <span _mstdst="2_902:910" _mstsrc="2_872:878" id="Dst[2][872:878:902:910]">permukaan</span> <span _mstdst="2_912:914" _mstsrc="2_880:882" id="Dst[2][880:882:912:914]">dan</span> luasnya torehan pada helai daun <span _mstdst="2_942:951" _mstsrc="2_913:918" id="Dst[2][913:918:942:951]">bervariasi</span>.</span></div>
<span _mstdst="0_114:122" _mstsrc="0_93:102">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="0_114:122" _mstsrc="0_93:102"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBY9ggd9HhiUENy_l8QZ2COlv9sbo_xD7qYh_IN6mFKKDQILA6nUxiiC-t4prBdipUVjlB6L_7D7TPMULCG-B3T1hr32Pa2W9GvtCDDoXxiVA9opbTFPp_Wggulb-bgW6wadx_NpYFja2q/s1600/Gambar+5.7+Bagian-bagian+daun.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtvBNRsMjPfk-cWECn59lefAXO0CGlS9ilXOpOc0nz7lcsVYOK0LVJ05yo7hUESzBpNIOGSwTMBSVkTz72rtxepkfwtIlrgJ6QjJeumhXJ_yE2Ur4Up_VcNfpl8eKQq4BV7Qy579m3Gkfv/s1600/gambar+7+Daun.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtvBNRsMjPfk-cWECn59lefAXO0CGlS9ilXOpOc0nz7lcsVYOK0LVJ05yo7hUESzBpNIOGSwTMBSVkTz72rtxepkfwtIlrgJ6QjJeumhXJ_yE2Ur4Up_VcNfpl8eKQq4BV7Qy579m3Gkfv/s320/gambar+7+Daun.jpg.png" height="320" width="189" /></a> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Gambar 7. S<span _mstdst="0_11:18" _mstsrc="0_11:19" id="Dst[0][11:19:11:18]">truktur</span> <span _mstdst="0_20:23" _mstsrc="0_26:29" id="Dst[0][26:29:20:23]">daun</span>: <span _mstdst="0_26:28" _mstsrc="0_33:35" id="Dst[0][33:35:26:28]">(a)</span> B<span _mstdst="0_30:35" _mstsrc="0_37:41" id="Dst[0][37:41:30:35]">agian</span> <span _mstdst="0_37:40" _mstsrc="0_43:44" id="Dst[0][43:44:37:40]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="0_42:45" _mstsrc="0_48:51" id="Dst[0][48:51:42:45]">daun dengan pertulangan daun menjari </span> <span _mstdst="0_47:49" _mstsrc="0_53:55" id="Dst[0][53:55:47:49]">(b)</span> Pertulangan daun menyirip <span _mstdst="0_71:73" _mstsrc="0_77:79" id="Dst[0][77:79:71:73]">(c)</span> <span _mstdst="0_75:81" _mstsrc="0_81:88" id="Dst[0][81:88:75:81]">Pertulangan daun sejajar (Anand, 2010)</span></div>
<span _mstdst="0_75:81" _mstsrc="0_81:88"></span><br />
<div name="div[0]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="0_75:81" _mstsrc="0_81:88"><strong><span _mstdst="0_0:4" _mstsrc="0_0:4" id="Dst[0][0:4:0:4]">3.1</span> Pertulangan pada daun (<span _mstdst="0_6:13" _mstsrc="0_6:13" id="Dst[0][6:13:6:13]"><em>Venation</em>) </span></strong></span></div>
<span _mstdst="0_75:81" _mstsrc="0_81:88">
</span><br />
<div name="div[1]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="0_75:81" _mstsrc="0_81:88"><span _mstdst="1_0:9" _mstsrc="1_4:14" id="Dst[1][4:14:0:9]">Pengaturan</span> tulang daun (<span _mstdst="1_11:14" _mstsrc="1_19:23" id="Dst[1][19:23:11:14]"><em>vena</em>)</span><em> </em><span _mstdst="1_16:18" _mstsrc="1_25:27" id="Dst[1][25:27:16:18]">dan</span> anak tulang daun (<span _mstdst="1_20:27" _mstsrc="1_33:40" id="Dst[1][33:40:20:27]"><em>veinlets</em>)</span> pada<span _mstdst="1_29:30" _mstsrc="1_42:43" id="Dst[1][42:43:29:30]"> </span>helaian (<span _mstdst="1_32:37" _mstsrc="1_45:54" id="Dst[1][45:54:32:37]"><em>lamina</em>) </span><span _mstdst="1_39:42" _mstsrc="1_59:62" id="Dst[1][59:62:39:42]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="1_49:55" _mstsrc="1_67:72" id="Dst[1][67:72:49:55]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="1_57:63" _mstsrc="1_74:75" id="Dst[1][74:75:57:63]">sebagai</span> pertulangan pada daun (<span _mstdst="1_65:72" _mstsrc="1_77:84" id="Dst[1][77:84:65:72]"><em>venation</em>)</span>. Daun yang bertulang menjari (<em>palmate venation</em>), yaitu jika dari ujung tangkai daun keluar beberapa tulang daun yang memencar, memperlihatkan susunan seperti jari-jari pada tangan. Biasanya terdapat pada daun dikotil, misalnya <em>Carica papaya</em> L. dan <em>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</em> L. (gambar 7 a). <span _mstdst="1_75:80" _mstsrc="1_87:90" id="Dst[1][87:90:75:80]">Ketika</span> anak tulang daun yang halus <span _mstdst="1_91:99" _mstsrc="1_105:108" id="Dst[1][105:108:91:99]">membentuk</span> <span _mstdst="1_101:108" _mstsrc="1_112:118" id="Dst[1][112:118:101:108]">jaringan (<em>reticulate</em>) yang keluar dari ibu tulang daun dan tulang cabang yang saling berlawanan arah, sehingga menyerupai sirip pada ikan, khas pada tumbuhan dikotil, maka disebut pertulangan daun menyirip atau <em>pinnate</em> <em>venation</em> (</span><span _mstdst="1_147:147" _mstsrc="1_158:164" id="Dst[1][158:164:147:147]">Gambar </span><span _mstdst="1_148:150" _mstsrc="1_166:168" id="Dst[1][166:168:148:150]">7</span><span _mstdst="1_159:161" _mstsrc="1_170:172" id="Dst[1][170:172:159:161]">b).</span> <span _mstdst="1_163:168" _mstsrc="1_174:177" id="Dst[1][174:177:163:168]">Ketika</span> <span _mstdst="1_170:173" _mstsrc="1_183:187" id="Dst[1][183:187:170:173]"><em>vena</em></span> <span _mstdst="1_175:181" _mstsrc="1_189:200" id="Dst[1][189:200:175:181]">sejajar</span> <span _mstdst="1_183:191" _mstsrc="1_205:208" id="Dst[1][205:208:183:191]">satu sama</span> <span _mstdst="1_193:196" _mstsrc="1_210:214" id="Dst[1][210:214:193:196]">lain</span> <span _mstdst="1_198:202" _mstsrc="1_216:221" id="Dst[1][216:221:198:202]">dalam</span> <span _mstdst="1_204:209" _mstsrc="1_225:230" id="Dst[1][225:230:204:209]"><em>lamina</em></span>, <span _mstdst="1_212:219" _mstsrc="1_237:244" id="Dst[1][237:244:212:219]"><em>venation</em></span> <span _mstdst="1_221:227" _mstsrc="1_249:254" id="Dst[1][249:254:221:227]">disebut</span> sejajar atau <span _mstdst="1_237:243" _mstsrc="1_259:266" id="Dst[1][259:266:237:243]"><em>parallel </em></span><span _mstdst="1_245:245" _mstsrc="1_268:274" id="Dst[1][268:274:245:245]">(G</span><span _mstdst="1_250:255" _mstsrc="1_268:274" id="Dst[1][268:274:250:255]">ambar</span> 7<span _mstdst="1_257:259" _mstsrc="1_280:282" id="Dst[1][280:282:257:259]">c).</span> Pertulangan daun sejajar (<span _mstdst="1_339:345" _mstsrc="1_361:368" id="Dst[1][361:368:339:345]"><em>parallel venation</em>)</span> <span _mstdst="1_347:352" _mstsrc="1_379:380" id="Dst[1][379:380:347:352]">adalah</span> <span _mstdst="1_354:366" _mstsrc="1_386:402" id="Dst[1][386:402:354:366]">karakteristik</span> yang <span _mstdst="1_373:378" _mstsrc="1_404:407" id="Dst[1][404:407:373:378]">paling</span> menonjol pada tanaman <span _mstdst="1_380:393" _mstsrc="1_409:422" id="Dst[1][409:422:380:393]">monokotil</span>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="0_75:81" _mstsrc="0_81:88"><strong><span _mstdst="2_0:4" _mstsrc="2_0:4" id="Dst[2][0:4:0:4]">3.2</span> <span _mstdst="2_6:10" _mstsrc="2_6:13" id="Dst[2][6:13:6:10]">Jenis</span> <span _mstdst="2_12:15" _mstsrc="2_15:20" id="Dst[2][15:20:12:15]">daun</span></strong></span></div>
<span _mstdst="0_75:81" _mstsrc="0_81:88">
</span><br />
<div name="div[3]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="0_75:81" _mstsrc="0_81:88"><span _mstdst="3_0:3" _mstsrc="3_2:5" id="Dst[3][2:5:0:3]">Suatu daun majemuk dapat dipandang berasal dari suatu daun tunggal, yang torehannya sedemikian dalamnya mencapai ibu tangkai daun, sehingga bagian daun diantara toreh-toreh itu terpisah satu sama lain, dan masing-masing merupakan satu helaian tersendiri (Tjitrosoepomo, 1988). </span></span><span _mstdst="0_75:81" _mstsrc="0_81:88"><span _mstdst="4_0:3" _mstsrc="4_13:18" id="Dst[4][13:18:0:3]">Daun</span> <span _mstdst="4_5:11" _mstsrc="4_4:11" id="Dst[4][4:11:5:11]">majemuk</span> terdapat <span _mstdst="4_21:23" _mstsrc="4_30:32" id="Dst[4][30:32:21:23]">dua</span> <span _mstdst="4_25:29" _mstsrc="4_34:38" id="Dst[4][34:38:25:29]">jenis</span> <span _mstdst="4_31:37" _mstsrc="4_40:46" id="Dst[4][40:46:31:37]">(Gambar 8</span><span _mstdst="4_39:43" _mstsrc="4_48:52" id="Dst[4][48:52:39:43]">), yaitu d</span><span _mstdst="4_45:49" _mstsrc="4_54:55" id="Dst[4][54:55:45:49]">aun majemuk menyirip (<a href="mhtml:file://E:\Modul Mortum\5_ Morphology of Flowering Plants Textbooks.mht!x-usc:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnate" target="_blank" title="source:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnate"><em>pinnately compound leaf</em></a>) memiliki anak daun yang terdapat di kanan kiri pada ibu tangkai daun, seperti pada daun mimba atau <em>Azadirachta indica A. Juss</em>, dan d</span>aun majemuk menjari (<a href="mhtml:file://E:\Modul Mortum\5_ Morphology of Flowering Plants Textbooks.mht!x-usc:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf" target="_blank" title="source:- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"><em>palmately compound leaves</em></a>) memiliki anak daun yang tersusun memencar pada ujung ibu tangkai, letaknya seperti jari-jari tangan, terdapat pada daun randu (<em>Ceiba pentandra</em> Gaerthn.).</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJNie0DvFsdtbbWVtMw2dtrgEjyR_DVxFiNfKt0XxDdm12jcXIa8yqHoyMNqqx3Q5TaHJ1NCG-6SOCAiVbMCCg9_PbdlclStJMfcM39NYEi2VJ_BbpZl-S40b46o984ZEfWBLvYwaUXIec/s1600/Gambar+8.+Daun+majenuk.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJNie0DvFsdtbbWVtMw2dtrgEjyR_DVxFiNfKt0XxDdm12jcXIa8yqHoyMNqqx3Q5TaHJ1NCG-6SOCAiVbMCCg9_PbdlclStJMfcM39NYEi2VJ_BbpZl-S40b46o984ZEfWBLvYwaUXIec/s1600/Gambar+8.+Daun+majenuk.png" /></a> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div name="div[0]" style="text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="0_13:18" _mstsrc="0_0:5" id="Dst[0][0:5:13:18]">Gambar</span> 8. <span _mstdst="0_25:27" _mstsrc="0_29:31" id="Dst[0][29:31:25:27]">(a)</span> D<span _mstdst="0_39:42" _mstsrc="0_52:55" id="Dst[0][52:55:39:42]">aun</span> <span _mstdst="0_44:50" _mstsrc="0_43:50" id="Dst[0][43:50:44:50]">majemuk</span> menyirip <span _mstdst="0_52:54" _mstsrc="0_57:59" id="Dst[0][57:59:52:54]">(b)</span> D<span _mstdst="0_74:77" _mstsrc="0_80:83" id="Dst[0][80:83:74:77]">aun majemuk menjari (Anand, 2010)</span></div>
<div name="div[0]" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidodWBhakTkPRc_NhVwq8tShc4RJpQgNaYHUeizYRZitVZi31hk2e-duaahuHx-uV5-SllBIGg44ONjE_uDSDQXbh_tadS1SSCHqGU2C4HkZHpVzV4UBL8GcqT_VdxD6zUkB9-l5i1qJJe/s1600/Gambar+2.+1venation.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div name="div[2]">
<strong><span _mstdst="2_0:4" _mstsrc="2_0:4" id="Dst[2][0:4:0:4]">3.3</span> <span _mstdst="2_6:15" _mstsrc="2_6:15" id="Dst[2][6:15:6:15]"><em>Phyllotaxy</em></span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div name="div[3]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="3_0:9" _mstsrc="3_0:9" id="Dst[3][0:9:0:9]"><em>Phyllotaxy</em></span> <span _mstdst="3_11:16" _mstsrc="3_11:12" id="Dst[3][11:12:11:16]">adalah</span> <span _mstdst="3_18:21" _mstsrc="3_18:24" id="Dst[3][18:24:18:21]">pola</span> <span _mstdst="3_23:32" _mstsrc="3_29:39" id="Dst[3][29:39:23:32]">pengaturan</span> <span _mstdst="3_34:37" _mstsrc="3_44:49" id="Dst[3][44:49:34:37]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="3_39:42" _mstsrc="3_51:52" id="Dst[3][51:52:39:42]">pada</span> <span _mstdst="3_44:49" _mstsrc="3_58:61" id="Dst[3][58:61:44:49]">batang</span> <span _mstdst="3_51:54" _mstsrc="3_63:64" id="Dst[3][63:64:51:54]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="3_56:61" _mstsrc="3_66:71" id="Dst[3][66:71:56:61]">cabang</span>. <span _mstdst="3_64:66" _mstsrc="3_79:80" id="Dst[3][79:80:64:66]">Hal</span> <span _mstdst="3_68:70" _mstsrc="3_74:77" id="Dst[3][74:77:68:70]">ini</span> <span _mstdst="3_72:79" _mstsrc="3_82:88" id="Dst[3][82:88:72:79]">biasanya</span> terdiri <span _mstdst="3_81:84" _mstsrc="3_90:91" id="Dst[3][90:91:81:84]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="3_86:89" _mstsrc="3_93:97" id="Dst[3][93:97:86:89]">tiga</span> <span _mstdst="3_91:95" _mstsrc="3_99:103" id="Dst[3][99:103:91:95]">jenis, yaitu </span> tersebar, <span _mstdst="3_111:120" _mstsrc="3_118:125" id="Dst[3][118:125:111:120]">berhadapan-bersilang </span> <span _mstdst="3_122:124" _mstsrc="3_127:129" id="Dst[3][127:129:122:124]">dan</span> berkarang<span _mstdst="3_141:145" _mstsrc="3_147:151" id="Dst[3][147:151:141:145]">.</span> <span _mstdst="3_147:151" _mstsrc="3_153:154" id="Dst[3][153:154:147:151]">Dalam</span> <span _mstdst="3_164:168" _mstsrc="3_166:172" id="Dst[3][166:172:164:168]">jenis</span> <span _mstdst="3_170:179" _mstsrc="3_174:183" id="Dst[3][174:183:170:179]"><em>phyllotaxy</em> tersebar</span>, <span _mstdst="3_189:195" _mstsrc="3_188:193" id="Dst[3][188:193:189:195]">sehelai</span> <span _mstdst="3_197:200" _mstsrc="3_195:198" id="Dst[3][195:198:197:200]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="3_202:207" _mstsrc="3_200:205" id="Dst[3][200:205:202:207]">muncul</span> <span _mstdst="3_209:210" _mstsrc="3_207:208" id="Dst[3][207:208:209:210]">di</span> <span _mstdst="3_212:217" _mstsrc="3_210:213" id="Dst[3][210:213:212:217]">setiap</span> buku, seperti pada tumbuhan <span _mstdst="3_278:282" _mstsrc="3_275:280" id="Dst[3][275:280:278:282]">bunga</span> <span _mstdst="3_284:291" _mstsrc="3_271:273" id="Dst[3][271:273:284:291]">matahari</span>. <em>Phyllotaxy</em> berhadapan bersilang, <span _mstdst="3_313:320" _mstsrc="3_308:316" id="Dst[3][308:316:313:320]">sepasang</span> <span _mstdst="3_322:325" _mstsrc="3_318:323" id="Dst[3][318:323:322:325]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="3_327:332" _mstsrc="3_325:329" id="Dst[3][325:329:327:332]">muncul</span> <span _mstdst="3_334:335" _mstsrc="3_331:332" id="Dst[3][331:332:334:335]">di</span> <span _mstdst="3_337:342" _mstsrc="3_334:337" id="Dst[3][334:337:337:342]">setiap</span> buku <span _mstdst="3_349:351" _mstsrc="3_344:346" id="Dst[3][344:346:349:351]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="3_353:360" _mstsrc="3_348:350" id="Dst[3][348:350:353:360]">terletak</span> <span _mstdst="3_362:371" _mstsrc="3_352:362" id="Dst[3][352:362:362:371]">berlawanan</span> <span _mstdst="3_373:381" _mstsrc="3_364:367" id="Dst[3][364:367:373:381]">satu sama</span> <span _mstdst="3_383:386" _mstsrc="3_369:373" id="Dst[3][369:373:383:386]">lain</span> <span _mstdst="3_388:394" _mstsrc="3_375:379" id="Dst[3][375:379:388:394]">seperti</span> pada tumbuhan <span _mstdst="3_396:405" _mstsrc="3_381:390" id="Dst[3][381:390:396:405]">Calotropis</span> <span _mstdst="3_407:409" _mstsrc="3_392:394" id="Dst[3][392:394:407:409]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="3_411:420" _mstsrc="3_396:400" id="Dst[3][396:400:411:420]">jambu biji</span>. <span _mstdst="3_431:434" _mstsrc="3_410:411" id="Dst[3][410:411:431:434]">Jika</span> <span _mstdst="3_436:440" _mstsrc="3_413:416" id="Dst[3][413:416:436:440]">lebih</span> <span _mstdst="3_442:445" _mstsrc="3_418:421" id="Dst[3][418:421:442:445]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="3_447:449" _mstsrc="3_423:425" id="Dst[3][423:425:447:449]">dua</span> <span _mstdst="3_451:454" _mstsrc="3_427:432" id="Dst[3][427:432:451:454]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="3_456:461" _mstsrc="3_434:438" id="Dst[3][434:438:456:461]">muncul</span> <span _mstdst="3_463:464" _mstsrc="3_440:441" id="Dst[3][440:441:463:464]">di</span> <span _mstdst="3_466:471" _mstsrc="3_443:443" id="Dst[3][443:443:466:471]">sebuah</span> buku <span _mstdst="3_478:480" _mstsrc="3_450:452" id="Dst[3][450:452:478:480]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="3_482:490" _mstsrc="3_454:457" id="Dst[3][454:457:482:490]">membentuk karangan</span>, <span _mstdst="3_499:505" _mstsrc="3_474:479" id="Dst[3][474:479:499:505]">disebut</span> <em>phyllotaxy </em>berkarang, <span _mstdst="3_516:522" _mstsrc="3_490:494" id="Dst[3][490:494:516:522]">seperti</span> pada tumbuhan pulai (<em>Alstonia scholaris [L.] R. Br</em>). Morfologi daun, yang meliputi bentuk (<em>shape</em>), tepi (<em>margin</em>) dan pertulangan (<em>venation</em>) daun, secara lengkap ditunjukkan pada gambar 9.</div>
<div name="div[3]">
</div>
<div align="justify" name="div[3]">
<div name="div[0]" style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidodWBhakTkPRc_NhVwq8tShc4RJpQgNaYHUeizYRZitVZi31hk2e-duaahuHx-uV5-SllBIGg44ONjE_uDSDQXbh_tadS1SSCHqGU2C4HkZHpVzV4UBL8GcqT_VdxD6zUkB9-l5i1qJJe/s1600/Gambar+2.+1venation.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidodWBhakTkPRc_NhVwq8tShc4RJpQgNaYHUeizYRZitVZi31hk2e-duaahuHx-uV5-SllBIGg44ONjE_uDSDQXbh_tadS1SSCHqGU2C4HkZHpVzV4UBL8GcqT_VdxD6zUkB9-l5i1qJJe/s400/Gambar+2.+1venation.png" height="365" width="400" /></a><br />
Gambar 9. Morfologi daun (Elena, 2008)</div>
<br />
<div name="div[1]">
<strong><span _mstdst="1_0:4" _mstsrc="1_0:4" id="Dst[1][0:4:0:4]">3.4</span> <span _mstdst="1_6:15" _mstsrc="1_6:18" id="Dst[1][6:18:6:15]">Modifikasi</span> <span _mstdst="1_17:20" _mstsrc="1_23:28" id="Dst[1][23:28:17:20]">daun</span></strong></div>
<br />
<div name="div[2]">
<span _mstdst="2_0:3" _mstsrc="2_0:5" id="Dst[2][0:5:0:3]">Daun</span> <span _mstdst="2_5:10" _mstsrc="2_11:15" id="Dst[2][11:15:5:10]">sering</span> <span _mstdst="2_12:23" _mstsrc="2_17:24" id="Dst[2][17:24:12:23]">dimodifikasi</span> <span _mstdst="2_25:29" _mstsrc="2_26:27" id="Dst[2][26:27:25:29]">untuk</span> <span _mstdst="2_31:39" _mstsrc="2_29:35" id="Dst[2][29:35:31:39]">melakukan</span> <span _mstdst="2_41:46" _mstsrc="2_37:45" id="Dst[2][37:45:41:46]">fungsi</span> <span _mstdst="2_48:53" _mstsrc="2_47:56" id="Dst[2][47:56:48:53]">selain</span> <span _mstdst="2_55:66" _mstsrc="2_58:71" id="Dst[2][58:71:55:66]">fotosintesis</span>. <span _mstdst="2_69:74" _mstsrc="2_74:77" id="Dst[2][74:77:69:74]">Mereka</span> <span _mstdst="2_76:85" _mstsrc="2_83:91" id="Dst[2][83:91:76:85]">dikonversi</span> <span _mstdst="2_87:88" _mstsrc="2_93:96" id="Dst[2][93:96:87:88]">ke</span> <span _mstdst="2_90:94" _mstsrc="2_98:105" id="Dst[2][98:105:90:94]">sulur</span> <span _mstdst="2_96:100" _mstsrc="2_107:109" id="Dst[2][107:109:96:100]">untuk</span> <span _mstdst="2_102:108" _mstsrc="2_111:118" id="Dst[2][111:118:102:108]">mendaki</span> <span _mstdst="2_110:116" _mstsrc="2_120:124" id="Dst[2][120:124:110:116]">seperti</span> <span _mstdst="2_118:130" _mstsrc="2_126:129" id="Dst[2][126:129:118:130]">kacang polong</span> <span _mstdst="2_132:135" _mstsrc="2_131:132" id="Dst[2][131:132:132:135]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="2_137:138" _mstsrc="2_134:137" id="Dst[2][134:137:137:138]">ke</span> <span _mstdst="2_140:143" _mstsrc="2_139:144" id="Dst[2][139:144:140:143]">duri</span> <span _mstdst="2_145:149" _mstsrc="2_146:148" id="Dst[2][146:148:145:149]">untuk</span> <span _mstdst="2_151:160" _mstsrc="2_150:156" id="Dst[2][150:156:151:160]">pertahanan</span> <span _mstdst="2_162:168" _mstsrc="2_158:162" id="Dst[2][158:162:162:168]">seperti</span> <span _mstdst="2_170:175" _mstsrc="2_164:168" id="Dst[2][164:168:170:175]">kaktus</span> <span _mstdst="2_177:183" _mstsrc="2_170:176" id="Dst[2][170:176:177:183]">(Gambar</span> <span _mstdst="2_185:188" _mstsrc="2_178:181" id="Dst[2][178:181:185:188]">10</span> <span _mstdst="2_190:191" _mstsrc="2_183:184" id="Dst[2][183:184:190:191]">a,</span> <span _mstdst="2_193:195" _mstsrc="2_186:188" id="Dst[2][186:188:193:195]">b).</span> D<span _mstdst="2_207:210" _mstsrc="2_201:206" id="Dst[2][201:206:207:210]">aun</span> berdaging terdapat pada <span _mstdst="2_212:217" _mstsrc="2_211:215" id="Dst[2][211:215:212:217]">bawang merah</span> <span _mstdst="2_219:221" _mstsrc="2_217:219" id="Dst[2][217:219:219:221]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_223:234" _mstsrc="2_221:226" id="Dst[2][221:226:223:234]">bawang putih</span> yang berfungsi untuk <span _mstdst="2_236:244" _mstsrc="2_228:232" id="Dst[2][228:232:236:244]">menyimpan</span> <span _mstdst="2_246:252" _mstsrc="2_234:237" id="Dst[2][234:237:246:252]">makanan</span> <span _mstdst="2_254:260" _mstsrc="2_239:245" id="Dst[2][239:245:254:260]">(Gambar</span> <span _mstdst="2_262:269" _mstsrc="2_247:253" id="Dst[2][247:253:262:269]">10 c).</span> Pada ujung <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun">daun</a> Genus <i>Nepenthes</i> (Kantong semar), terdapat <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulur&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sulur (halaman belum tersedia)">sulur</a> yang dapat termodifikasi membentuk kantong, yaitu alat <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkap" title="Perangkap">perangkap</a> yang digunakan untuk memakan mangsanya (misalnya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangga" title="Serangga">serangga</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacet" title="Pacet">pacet</a>, anak <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodok_dan_katak" title="Kodok dan katak">kodok</a>) yang masuk ke dalam (Gambar 11a) dan pada tepi daun cocor bebek (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a>: <i>Kalanchoe pinnata</i> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinonim" title="Sinonim">syn.</a> <i>Bryophyllum calycinum</i> syn. <i>Bryophyllum pinnatum</i>) muncul tunas bakal tumbuhan baru (Gambar 11 b).</div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhedmMYu7EK-MitAWvcjU2ZCvYG5OpOCpykwM_jvMUXIqQny1-hpJOjC8Ah5TGFZXacR2cZG43EQjTbQGK6nmo_kfFOzGX0ESubSxZIYZqPfhdgAx4GLZOU7zeWL0nMkmqufgibVa-Vg4Zz/s1600/Gambar+9.+Modifikasi+daun.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhedmMYu7EK-MitAWvcjU2ZCvYG5OpOCpykwM_jvMUXIqQny1-hpJOjC8Ah5TGFZXacR2cZG43EQjTbQGK6nmo_kfFOzGX0ESubSxZIYZqPfhdgAx4GLZOU7zeWL0nMkmqufgibVa-Vg4Zz/s320/Gambar+9.+Modifikasi+daun.jpg.png" height="320" width="282" /></a> </div>
<div name="div[0]" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="0_0:5" _mstsrc="0_0:5" id="Dst[0][0:5:0:5]">Gambar</span> <span _mstdst="0_7:10" _mstsrc="0_7:10" id="Dst[0][7:10:7:10]">10</span> <span _mstdst="0_12:21" _mstsrc="0_12:24" id="Dst[0][12:24:12:21]">modifikasi</span> <span _mstdst="0_23:26" _mstsrc="0_29:32" id="Dst[0][29:32:23:26]">daun</span> <span _mstdst="0_28:32" _mstsrc="0_34:36" id="Dst[0][34:36:28:32]">untuk</span>: <span _mstdst="0_35:37" _mstsrc="0_40:42" id="Dst[0][40:42:35:37]">(a)</span> Pend</span><span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="0_39:46" _mstsrc="0_44:50">ukung</span>: <span _mstdst="0_49:53" _mstsrc="0_53:59" id="Dst[0][53:59:49:53]">sulur</span> <span _mstdst="0_55:57" _mstsrc="0_61:63" id="Dst[0][61:63:55:57]">(b)</span> P<span _mstdst="0_59:70" _mstsrc="0_65:74" id="Dst[0][65:74:59:70]">erlindungan</span>: <span _mstdst="0_73:76" _mstsrc="0_77:82" id="Dst[0][77:82:73:76]">duri</span> <span _mstdst="0_78:80" _mstsrc="0_84:86" id="Dst[0][84:86:78:80]">(c)</span> <span _mstdst="0_82:92" _mstsrc="0_88:94" id="Dst[0][88:94:82:92]">Penyimpanan cadangan makanan</span>: <span _mstdst="0_105:108" _mstsrc="0_104:109" id="Dst[0][104:109:105:108]">daun berdaging (Anand 2010)</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIsheO9e_BGZNKhHiDG76ON5caMkab4CaHtGqF7SiTAC-7MKr2RZE_5P_7p1UeV_rVVUqFCAntcHKfCky1qektLlhRtNCmgQkO-XYcfFfy6GB8ehBrMr2BZdE1Q1kTT0tnQM793DN0zsiy/s1600/100_1661.JPG" height="320" width="240" /></div>
<div align="justify">
</div>
Gambar 11. (a) Kantong semar<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5KuHF7jkN9NC6hgY5k1Sal52r8uH_zo4wd_BguwwxQNNl2tjoNwhy6xo05d7FoVlM5EvNYpwbHyBA1a-vTRhj31y0E4CjKGTgkJy8T09Q9Ru87nhnnn4qvlM-nLTO3L-68fcqK12u9qv/s1600/100_1553.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb5KuHF7jkN9NC6hgY5k1Sal52r8uH_zo4wd_BguwwxQNNl2tjoNwhy6xo05d7FoVlM5EvNYpwbHyBA1a-vTRhj31y0E4CjKGTgkJy8T09Q9Ru87nhnnn4qvlM-nLTO3L-68fcqK12u9qv/s1600/100_1553.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a><br />
Gambar 11. (b) Cocor bebek</div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on">
</span><br />
<div name="div[1]">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="1_0:9" _mstsrc="1_8:20" id="Dst[1][8:20:0:9]"><strong>4. Perbungaan</strong></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on">
</span><br />
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_0:4" _mstsrc="2_2:7" id="Dst[2][2:7:0:4]">Bunga</span> <span _mstdst="2_6:11" _mstsrc="2_9:10" id="Dst[2][9:10:6:11]">adalah</span> pucuk yang <span _mstdst="2_22:33" _mstsrc="2_14:21" id="Dst[2][14:21:22:33]">dimodifikasi</span> <span _mstdst="2_35:40" _mstsrc="2_29:35" id="Dst[2][29:35:35:40]">dimana</span> terdapat <span _mstdst="2_58:65" _mstsrc="2_54:61" id="Dst[2][54:61:58:65]">meristem ujung pucuk (<em>shoot</em> <em>apical</em>)</span> yang mengalami <span _mstdst="2_67:75" _mstsrc="2_63:69" id="Dst[2][63:69:67:75]">perubahan</span> menjadi <span _mstdst="2_77:84" _mstsrc="2_81:88" id="Dst[2][81:88:77:84]">meristem</span> <span _mstdst="2_86:90" _mstsrc="2_74:79" id="Dst[2][74:79:86:90]">bunga</span>. Ruas batang <span _mstdst="2_104:108" _mstsrc="2_105:107" id="Dst[2][105:107:104:108]">tidak</span> <span _mstdst="2_110:118" _mstsrc="2_109:116" id="Dst[2][109:116:110:118]">memanjang</span> <span _mstdst="2_120:122" _mstsrc="2_118:120" id="Dst[2][118:120:120:122]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_124:128" _mstsrc="2_126:129" id="Dst[2][126:129:124:128]">sumbu</span> terlihat rapat. <span _mstdst="2_147:152" _mstsrc="2_151:154" id="Dst[2][151:154:147:152]">Pucuk</span> <span _mstdst="2_154:165" _mstsrc="2_156:163" id="Dst[2][156:163:154:165]">menghasilkan</span> <span _mstdst="2_167:174" _mstsrc="2_165:173" id="Dst[2][165:173:167:174]">berbagai</span> <span _mstdst="2_176:180" _mstsrc="2_175:182" id="Dst[2][175:182:176:180]">jenis</span> pelengkap <span _mstdst="2_182:186" _mstsrc="2_184:189" id="Dst[2][184:189:182:186]">bunga bukan daun, secara </span> <span _mstdst="2_198:204" _mstsrc="2_202:210" id="Dst[2][202:210:198:204]">lateral</span> berturut-<span _mstdst="2_226:230" _mstsrc="2_215:224" id="Dst[2][215:224:226:230]">turut</span> <span _mstdst="2_232:236" _mstsrc="2_232:241" id="Dst[2][232:241:232:236]"></span><span _mstdst="2_206:209" _mstsrc="2_212:213" id="Dst[2][212:213:206:209]">pada</span> buku. <span _mstdst="2_244:249" _mstsrc="2_251:254" id="Dst[2][251:254:244:249]">K</span>uncup sendiri <span _mstdst="2_264:270" _mstsrc="2_268:277" id="Dst[2][268:277:264:270]">berubah</span> <span _mstdst="2_272:278" _mstsrc="2_279:282" id="Dst[2][279:282:272:278]">menjadi</span> <span _mstdst="2_280:284" _mstsrc="2_286:291" id="Dst[2][286:291:280:284]">bunga</span>. <span _mstdst="2_309:318" _mstsrc="2_321:331" id="Dst[2][321:331:309:318]">Pengaturan </span></span><span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_320:324" _mstsrc="2_336:342" id="Dst[2][336:342:320:324]">bunga</span> <span _mstdst="2_326:329" _mstsrc="2_344:345" id="Dst[2][344:345:326:329]">pada</span> <span _mstdst="2_331:335" _mstsrc="2_347:349" id="Dst[2][347:349:331:335]">sumbu</span> <span _mstdst="2_337:341" _mstsrc="2_351:356" id="Dst[2][351:356:337:341]">bunga</span> yang <span _mstdst="2_348:354" _mstsrc="2_366:371" id="Dst[2][366:371:348:354]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="2_356:362" _mstsrc="2_373:374" id="Dst[2][373:374:356:362]">sebagai</span> <span _mstdst="2_364:373" _mstsrc="2_376:388" id="Dst[2][376:388:364:373]">perbungaan</span>. <span _mstdst="2_376:390" _mstsrc="2_391:402" id="Dst[2][391:402:376:390]">Tergantung pada</span> <span _mstdst="2_392:397" _mstsrc="2_404:410" id="Dst[2][404:410:392:397]">apakah</span> <span _mstdst="2_399:404" _mstsrc="2_416:419" id="Dst[2][416:419:399:404]">pucuk</span> <span _mstdst="2_406:409" _mstsrc="2_421:424" id="Dst[2][421:424:406:409]">akan</span> <span _mstdst="2_411:420" _mstsrc="2_426:434" id="Dst[2][426:434:411:420]">dikonversi</span> <span _mstdst="2_422:428" _mstsrc="2_436:439" id="Dst[2][436:439:422:428]">menjadi</span> <span _mstdst="2_430:434" _mstsrc="2_443:448" id="Dst[2][443:448:430:434]">bunga</span> <span _mstdst="2_436:439" _mstsrc="2_450:451" id="Dst[2][450:451:436:439]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="2_441:445" _mstsrc="2_453:464" id="Dst[2][453:464:441:445]">terus</span> <span _mstdst="2_447:452" _mstsrc="2_466:469" id="Dst[2][466:469:447:452]">tumbuh</span>, terdapat <span _mstdst="2_455:457" _mstsrc="2_472:474" id="Dst[2][472:474:455:457]">dua</span> <span _mstdst="2_459:463" _mstsrc="2_482:489" id="Dst[2][482:489:459:463]">jenis</span> perbungaan <span _mstdst="2_465:469" _mstsrc="2_476:480" id="Dst[2][476:480:465:469]">utama, yaitu</span><span _mstdst="2_486:498" _mstsrc="2_510:516" id="Dst[2][510:516:486:498]"> </span><span _mstdst="2_500:507" _mstsrc="2_520:527" id="Dst[2][520:527:500:507]"><em>racemose</em></span> <span _mstdst="2_509:511" _mstsrc="2_529:531" id="Dst[2][529:531:509:511]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_513:518" _mstsrc="2_533:538" id="Dst[2][533:538:513:518]"><em>cymose</em></span>. <span _mstdst="2_521:525" _mstsrc="2_541:542" id="Dst[2][541:542:521:525]">Dalam </span><span _mstdst="2_536:540" _mstsrc="2_553:559" id="Dst[2][553:559:536:540]">jenis perbungaan <em>racemose</em> </span> <span _mstdst="2_557:561" _mstsrc="2_585:588" id="Dst[2][585:588:557:561]">sumbu</span> <span _mstdst="2_563:567" _mstsrc="2_580:583" id="Dst[2][580:583:563:567]">utama</span> <span _mstdst="2_569:573" _mstsrc="2_590:601" id="Dst[2][590:601:569:573]">terus</span> <span _mstdst="2_575:580" _mstsrc="2_603:606" id="Dst[2][603:606:575:580]">tumbuh</span>, bunga-bunga muncul secara <span _mstdst="2_606:612" _mstsrc="2_631:639" id="Dst[2][631:639:606:612]">lateral dan mekarnya bunga</span> <span _mstdst="2_614:621" _mstsrc="2_641:642" id="Dst[2][641:642:614:621]">berturut-turut secara </span><span _mstdst="2_623:631" _mstsrc="2_647:655" id="Dst[2][647:655:623:631]"><em>acropetal</em></span>, yaitu dimulai bunga mekar dari bawah ke arah atas <span _mstdst="2_633:639" _mstsrc="2_668:674" id="Dst[2][668:674:633:639]">(gambar</span> <span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681" id="Dst[2][676:681:641:646]">12).</span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on">
</span><br />
<div name="div[2]">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"></span> </span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWUU_0M_TezZLxFcWiB7D15UCO0OKC6aGDum8NmzEwlUPd3XVLwPMVWp9zFBE1oK_PImsEr32c8hurKebSebwGQ8PUFWHHuuR1Jc7XZUkCOMinlMjQt9F12owGSwqahscy3PuDm7T8Gcd/s1600/Gambar+5.10+Perbungaan+rasemosa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgWUU_0M_TezZLxFcWiB7D15UCO0OKC6aGDum8NmzEwlUPd3XVLwPMVWp9zFBE1oK_PImsEr32c8hurKebSebwGQ8PUFWHHuuR1Jc7XZUkCOMinlMjQt9F12owGSwqahscy3PuDm7T8Gcd/s1600/Gambar+5.10+Perbungaan+rasemosa.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></span></div>
<div name="div[0]" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span _mstdst="0_0:5" _mstsrc="0_0:5" id="Dst[0][0:5:0:5]">Gambar</span> <span _mstdst="0_7:10" _mstsrc="0_7:10" id="Dst[0][7:10:7:10]">12.</span> Perbungaan <span _mstdst="0_12:19" _mstsrc="0_12:19" id="Dst[0][12:19:12:19]"><em>Racemose</em></span> <span _mstdst="0_21:30" _mstsrc="0_21:33" id="Dst[0][21:33:21:30]"> (Anand, 2010)</span></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
</span></span><br />
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"></span></span> </div>
<div name="div[1]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span _mstdst="1_0:4" _mstsrc="1_0:1" id="Dst[1][0:1:0:4]">Dalam</span> <span _mstdst="1_13:17" _mstsrc="1_10:16" id="Dst[1][10:16:13:17]">jenis</span> <span _mstdst="1_19:28" _mstsrc="1_18:30" id="Dst[1][18:30:19:28]">perbungaan</span> <em>cymose </em><span _mstdst="1_30:34" _mstsrc="1_41:44" id="Dst[1][41:44:30:34]">sumbu</span> <span _mstdst="1_36:40" _mstsrc="1_36:39" id="Dst[1][36:39:36:40]">utama</span> <span _mstdst="1_42:49" _mstsrc="1_46:55" id="Dst[1][46:55:42:49]">berakhir</span> <span _mstdst="1_51:52" _mstsrc="1_57:58" id="Dst[1][57:58:51:52]">di</span> <span _mstdst="1_54:58" _mstsrc="1_62:67" id="Dst[1][62:67:54:58]">bunga,</span> memiliki pertumbuhan <span _mstdst="1_66:73" _mstsrc="1_79:85" id="Dst[1][79:85:66:73]">terbatas</span>. Bunga-<span _mstdst="1_99:103" _mstsrc="1_101:107" id="Dst[1][101:107:99:103]">bunga</span> muncul <span _mstdst="1_116:120" _mstsrc="1_119:120" id="Dst[1][119:120:116:120]">dalam</span> <span _mstdst="1_122:127" _mstsrc="1_134:138" id="Dst[1][134:138:122:127]">urutan</span> <span _mstdst="1_129:137" _mstsrc="1_124:132" id="Dst[1][124:132:129:137]"><em>basipetal</em></span> <span _mstdst="1_139:145" _mstsrc="1_140:146" id="Dst[1][140:146:139:145]">(gambar </span><span _mstdst="1_147:152" _mstsrc="1_148:153" id="Dst[1][148:153:147:152]">13).</span></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
</span></span><br />
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-68rO78y7LhEbhD-ivgvGSRJgwhBBAvYBLoGfE7BQVkBd4Few6lk1C_K4jXljCyG7_VbFr65iSx5WFfXKVnGYiuqFhY7zdGbh7zd0WwxTbuZmapfZxlHRLn3NzkkM26Ozr2Kp5WG-_Cux/s1600/Gambar+5.12+Perbungaan+simosa.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-68rO78y7LhEbhD-ivgvGSRJgwhBBAvYBLoGfE7BQVkBd4Few6lk1C_K4jXljCyG7_VbFr65iSx5WFfXKVnGYiuqFhY7zdGbh7zd0WwxTbuZmapfZxlHRLn3NzkkM26Ozr2Kp5WG-_Cux/s1600/Gambar+5.12+Perbungaan+simosa.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbQ3-gK8_elVZ7SQUEBbFuwCQ_eJUO8SPSYSZ4dbEKapW2Bk8fDKeCgQUxbcVzrT4M-zFKV6evtdhIyNxI5_fCdiOOjsRWdH6VwR3Uj3VkW3SET_V5Wchqzt6nz-9QObmTpiVk0zPZYndg/s1600/Gambar+5.12+Perbungaan+simosa.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></span> </div>
<div align="center" name="div[0]">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span _mstdst="0_11:14" _mstsrc="0_7:10" id="Dst[0][7:10:11:14]">Gambar 13. Perbungaan </span><span _mstdst="0_23:28" _mstsrc="0_12:17" id="Dst[0][12:17:23:28]"><em>Cymose</em> (Anand, 2010)</span></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
</span></span><br />
<div name="div[1]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><strong><span _mstdst="1_0:2" _mstsrc="1_0:2" id="Dst[1][0:2:0:2]">5.</span> <span _mstdst="1_4:8" _mstsrc="1_8:13" id="Dst[1][8:13:4:8]">Bunga</span></strong></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
</span></span><br />
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span style="color: black;"><span _mstdst="2_0:4" _mstsrc="2_4:9" id="Dst[2][4:9:0:4]">Bunga</span> <span _mstdst="2_6:11" _mstsrc="2_11:12" id="Dst[2][11:12:6:11]">adalah</span> <span _mstdst="2_13:16" _mstsrc="2_31:34" id="Dst[2][31:34:13:16]">unit</span> <span _mstdst="2_18:27" _mstsrc="2_18:29" id="Dst[2][18:29:18:27]">reproduksi seksual pada Angiospermae</span>. <span _mstdst="2_81:85" _mstsrc="2_103:108" id="Dst[2][103:108:81:85]">Bunga tersusun </span> dalam 4 karangan berturut-<span _mstdst="2_136:140" _mstsrc="2_154:165" id="Dst[2][154:165:136:140]">turut dari arah luar ke dalam adalah: <span _mstdst="2_223:229" _mstsrc="2_252:256" id="Dst[2][252:256:223:229]">kelopak (<em>calyx</em>)</span>, mahkota (<span _mstdst="2_232:238" _mstsrc="2_259:265" id="Dst[2][259:265:232:238]"><em>corolla</em>)</span>, benang sari (<span _mstdst="2_241:250" _mstsrc="2_268:277" id="Dst[2][268:277:241:250]"><em>androecium</em>)</span> <span _mstdst="2_252:254" _mstsrc="2_279:281" id="Dst[2][279:281:252:254]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_256:260" _mstsrc="2_283:291" id="Dst[2][283:291:256:260]">putik (<em>Gynoecium</em>). Bunga terletak</span> </span> p<span _mstdst="2_142:145" _mstsrc="2_167:168" id="Dst[2][167:168:142:145]">ada</span> <span _mstdst="2_147:151" _mstsrc="2_182:184" id="Dst[2][182:184:147:151]">akhir</span> <span _mstdst="2_161:167" _mstsrc="2_193:197" id="Dst[2][193:197:161:167]">tangkai</span> bunga (<em>pedicel</em>) yang membesar dan <span _mstdst="2_183:189" _mstsrc="2_211:216" id="Dst[2][211:216:183:189]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="2_191:198" _mstsrc="2_218:225" id="Dst[2][218:225:191:198]"><em>thalamus</em></span> <span _mstdst="2_200:203" _mstsrc="2_227:228" id="Dst[2][227:228:200:203]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="2_205:209" _mstsrc="2_230:239" id="Dst[2][230:239:205:209]">wadah</span>. <em>calyx</em> <span _mstdst="2_271:273" _mstsrc="2_300:302" id="Dst[2][300:302:271:273]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_275:281" _mstsrc="2_304:310" id="Dst[2][304:310:275:281]"><em>corolla</em></span> <span _mstdst="2_283:288" _mstsrc="2_312:314" id="Dst[2][312:314:283:288]">adalah organ</span> <span _mstdst="2_290:297" _mstsrc="2_316:324" id="Dst[2][316:324:290:297]">aksesori</span>, <span _mstdst="2_306:314" _mstsrc="2_334:338" id="Dst[2][334:338:306:314]">sedangkan</span> <span _mstdst="2_316:325" _mstsrc="2_340:349" id="Dst[2][340:349:316:325]"><em>androecium</em></span> <span _mstdst="2_327:329" _mstsrc="2_351:353" id="Dst[2][351:353:327:329]">dan</span> <em>Gynoecium </em><span _mstdst="2_337:341" _mstsrc="2_382:387" id="Dst[2][382:387:337:341]">adalah organ</span> <span _mstdst="2_343:352" _mstsrc="2_369:380" id="Dst[2][369:380:343:352]">reproduksi</span>. <span _mstdst="2_355:356" _mstsrc="2_390:391" id="Dst[2][390:391:355:356]">Di</span> <span _mstdst="2_358:365" _mstsrc="2_393:396" id="Dst[2][393:396:358:365]">beberapa</span> <span _mstdst="2_367:371" _mstsrc="2_398:404" id="Dst[2][398:404:367:371]">bunga</span> <span _mstdst="2_373:379" _mstsrc="2_406:409" id="Dst[2][406:409:373:379]">seperti</span> <span _mstdst="2_381:384" _mstsrc="2_411:414" id="Dst[2][411:414:381:384]">lily</span>, <em>calyx </em><span _mstdst="2_395:397" _mstsrc="2_427:429" id="Dst[2][427:429:395:397]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_399:405" _mstsrc="2_431:437" id="Dst[2][431:437:399:405]"><em>corolla</em></span> <span _mstdst="2_407:411" _mstsrc="2_443:445" id="Dst[2][443:445:407:411]">tidak</span> <span _mstdst="2_413:419" _mstsrc="2_447:454" id="Dst[2][447:454:413:419]">berbeda</span> <span _mstdst="2_421:423" _mstsrc="2_456:458" id="Dst[2][456:458:421:423]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_425:431" _mstsrc="2_464:469" id="Dst[2][464:469:425:431]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="2_433:439" _mstsrc="2_471:472" id="Dst[2][471:472:433:439]">sebagai</span> <span _mstdst="2_441:448" _mstsrc="2_474:481" id="Dst[2][474:481:441:448]"><em>perianth</em></span>. Ketika <span _mstdst="2_458:462" _mstsrc="2_491:496" id="Dst[2][491:496:458:462]">bunga</span> <span _mstdst="2_469:476" _mstsrc="2_498:500" id="Dst[2][498:500:469:476]">memiliki</span> <span _mstdst="2_478:487" _mstsrc="2_507:516" id="Dst[2][507:516:478:487]"><em>androecium</em></span> <span _mstdst="2_489:491" _mstsrc="2_518:520" id="Dst[2][518:520:489:491]">dan</span> <em>Gynoecium</em>, maka disebut bunga banci (<span _mstdst="2_504:512" _mstsrc="2_539:546" id="Dst[2][539:546:504:512]"><em>bisexual</em>)</span>. <span _mstdst="2_515:519" _mstsrc="2_551:556" id="Dst[2][551:556:515:519]">Bunga</span> yang <span _mstdst="2_521:528" _mstsrc="2_558:563" id="Dst[2][558:563:521:528]">memiliki</span> <span _mstdst="2_535:539" _mstsrc="2_572:575" id="Dst[2][572:575:535:539]">hanya</span> <span _mstdst="2_541:551" _mstsrc="2_577:583" id="Dst[2][577:583:541:551]">benang sari disebut bunga </span>jantan, bunga yang memiliki <span _mstdst="2_564:570" _mstsrc="2_593:599" id="Dst[2][593:599:564:570]">carpel saja disebut bunga </span><span _mstdst="2_572:580" _mstsrc="2_604:612" id="Dst[2][604:612:572:580]">betina, keduanya disebut pula bunga berkelamin tunggal (<em>unisexual</em>)</span>.</span></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
<span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span><br />
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
<span style="color: black;">
</span></span></span><br />
<div name="div[3]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span style="color: black;"><span _mstdst="3_3:9" _mstsrc="3_3:10" id="Dst[3][3:10:3:9]">Simetri pada</span> <span _mstdst="3_12:16" _mstsrc="3_17:22" id="Dst[3][17:22:12:16]">bunga</span> dapat berbentuk <em><span _mstdst="3_26:38" _mstsrc="3_31:43" id="Dst[3][31:43:26:38]">actinomorphic</span> </em><span _mstdst="3_40:46" _mstsrc="3_45:51" id="Dst[3][45:51:40:46]">(radial</span> <span _mstdst="3_48:55" _mstsrc="3_53:61" id="Dst[3][53:61:48:55]">simetri)</span> <span _mstdst="3_57:60" _mstsrc="3_63:64" id="Dst[3][63:64:57:60]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="3_62:72" _mstsrc="3_66:76" id="Dst[3][66:76:62:72]"><em>zygomorphic</em></span> <span _mstdst="3_74:74" _mstsrc="3_78:87" id="Dst[3][78:87:74:74]">(</span><span _mstdst="3_75:81" _mstsrc="3_89:98" id="Dst[3][89:98:75:81]">simetri</span> <span _mstdst="3_83:91" _mstsrc="3_78:87" id="Dst[3][78:87:83:91]">bilateral</span><span _mstdst="3_92:93" _mstsrc="3_89:98" id="Dst[3][89:98:92:93]">).</span> <span _mstdst="3_95:100" _mstsrc="3_100:103" id="Dst[3][100:103:95:100]">Ketika</span> <span _mstdst="3_102:106" _mstsrc="3_107:112" id="Dst[3][107:112:102:106]">bunga</span> <span _mstdst="3_108:112" _mstsrc="3_114:116" id="Dst[3][114:116:108:112]">dapat</span> <span _mstdst="3_114:119" _mstsrc="3_121:127" id="Dst[3][121:127:114:119]">dibagi</span> <span _mstdst="3_121:127" _mstsrc="3_129:132" id="Dst[3][129:132:121:127]">menjadi</span> <span _mstdst="3_129:131" _mstsrc="3_134:136" id="Dst[3][134:136:129:131]">dua</span> <span _mstdst="3_133:138" _mstsrc="3_151:156" id="Dst[3][151:156:133:138]">bagian</span> <span _mstdst="3_140:145" _mstsrc="3_144:149" id="Dst[3][144:149:140:145]">radial</span> yang <span _mstdst="3_152:155" _mstsrc="3_138:142" id="Dst[3][138:142:152:155]">sama</span> <span _mstdst="3_157:161" _mstsrc="3_158:159" id="Dst[3][158:159:157:161]">dalam</span> <span _mstdst="3_163:168" _mstsrc="3_161:163" id="Dst[3][161:163:163:168]">setiap</span> bidang <span _mstdst="3_178:183" _mstsrc="3_165:170" id="Dst[3][165:170:178:183]">radial</span> yang <span _mstdst="3_190:197" _mstsrc="3_178:192" id="Dst[3][178:192:190:197]">melewati</span> <span _mstdst="3_199:203" _mstsrc="3_198:203" id="Dst[3][198:203:199:203]">pusat bunga</span>, <span _mstdst="3_206:214" _mstsrc="3_206:215" id="Dst[3][206:215:206:214]">dikatakan</span> memiliki banyak simetri (<span _mstdst="3_224:236" _mstsrc="3_223:235" id="Dst[3][223:235:224:236]"><em>actinomorphic</em>)</span>, <span _mstdst="3_239:246" _mstsrc="3_238:241" id="Dst[3][238:241:239:246]">misalnya</span> sawi, kecubung (D</span><span _mstdst="3_258:263" _mstsrc="3_253:258" id="Dst[3][253:258:258:263]">atura sp.)</span>, dan <span _mstdst="3_266:270" _mstsrc="3_261:266" id="Dst[3][261:266:266:270]">cabai</span>. <span _mstdst="3_273:278" _mstsrc="3_269:272" id="Dst[3][269:272:273:278]">Ketika</span> bunga <span _mstdst="3_284:288" _mstsrc="3_277:279" id="Dst[3][277:279:284:288]">dapat</span> <span _mstdst="3_290:295" _mstsrc="3_284:290" id="Dst[3][284:290:290:295]">dibagi</span> <span _mstdst="3_297:303" _mstsrc="3_292:295" id="Dst[3][292:295:297:303]">menjadi</span> <span _mstdst="3_305:307" _mstsrc="3_297:299" id="Dst[3][297:299:305:307]">dua</span> <span _mstdst="3_309:314" _mstsrc="3_309:314" id="Dst[3][309:314:309:314]">bagian</span> yang <span _mstdst="3_321:324" _mstsrc="3_301:307" id="Dst[3][301:307:321:324]">sama</span> <span _mstdst="3_326:330" _mstsrc="3_316:319" id="Dst[3][316:319:326:330]">hanya</span> <span _mstdst="3_332:336" _mstsrc="3_321:322" id="Dst[3][321:322:332:336]">dalam</span> <span _mstdst="3_338:341" _mstsrc="3_324:326" id="Dst[3][324:326:338:341]">satu</span> <span _mstdst="3_343:348" _mstsrc="3_348:352" id="Dst[3][348:352:343:348]">bidang</span> <span _mstdst="3_350:357" _mstsrc="3_339:346" id="Dst[3][339:346:350:357]">vertikal</span> <span _mstdst="3_359:366" _mstsrc="3_328:337" id="Dst[3][328:337:359:366]">tertentu</span>, dinamakan memiliki satu simetri (<span _mstdst="3_373:383" _mstsrc="3_361:371" id="Dst[3][361:371:373:383]"><em>zygomorphic</em>)</span>, <span _mstdst="3_386:393" _mstsrc="3_374:377" id="Dst[3][374:377:386:393]">misalnya</span>, bunga <span _mstdst="3_396:401" _mstsrc="3_380:382" id="Dst[3][380:382:396:401]">kembang merak (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesalpinia_pulcherrima" title="Caesalpinia pulcherrima"><em>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</em></a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Swartz" title="Olof Swartz">Sw.</a>)</span>, bunga <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassia_occidentalis&redirect=no" title="Cassia occidentalis">Cassia occidentalis</a>. <span _mstdst="3_430:434" _mstsrc="3_411:416" id="Dst[3][411:416:430:434]">Bunga</span> <span _mstdst="3_443:451" _mstsrc="3_421:430" id="Dst[3][421:430:443:451]">asimetris</span> <span _mstdst="3_453:463" _mstsrc="3_432:442" id="Dst[3][432:442:453:463]">(tidak simetris),</span> <span _mstdst="3_465:468" _mstsrc="3_444:445" id="Dst[3][444:445:465:468]">jika</span> bunga tidak dapat <span _mstdst="3_479:484" _mstsrc="3_460:466" id="Dst[3][460:466:479:484]">dibagi</span> <span _mstdst="3_486:492" _mstsrc="3_468:471" id="Dst[3][468:471:486:492]">menjadi</span> <span _mstdst="3_494:496" _mstsrc="3_473:475" id="Dst[3][473:475:494:496]">dua</span> <span _mstdst="3_498:503" _mstsrc="3_485:490" id="Dst[3][485:490:498:503]">bagian</span> yang <span _mstdst="3_510:513" _mstsrc="3_477:483" id="Dst[3][477:483:510:513]">sama</span> <span _mstdst="3_515:518" _mstsrc="3_492:493" id="Dst[3][492:493:515:518]">oleh</span> <span _mstdst="3_520:525" _mstsrc="3_495:497" id="Dst[3][495:497:520:525]">setiap</span> <span _mstdst="3_527:532" _mstsrc="3_508:512" id="Dst[3][508:512:527:532]">bidang</span> <span _mstdst="3_534:541" _mstsrc="3_499:506" id="Dst[3][499:506:534:541]">vertikal</span> yang <span _mstdst="3_548:555" _mstsrc="3_514:528" id="Dst[3][514:528:548:555]">melewati</span> <span _mstdst="3_557:561" _mstsrc="3_534:539" id="Dst[3][534:539:557:561]">pusat bunga</span>, <span _mstdst="3_564:570" _mstsrc="3_542:546" id="Dst[3][542:546:564:570]">seperti</span> <em>C</em><span _mstdst="3_572:576" _mstsrc="3_548:552" id="Dst[3][548:552:572:576]"><em>anna</em> sp</span>.</span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
</span></span><br />
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span _mstdst="4_0:4" _mstsrc="4_2:7"></span></span></span><br />
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span _mstdst="4_0:4" _mstsrc="4_2:7">Bunga </span> <span _mstdst="4_6:12" _mstsrc="4_9:14" id="Dst[4][9:14:6:12]">mungkin</span> <span _mstdst="4_14:22" _mstsrc="4_16:24" id="Dst[4][16:24:14:22]"><em>trimerous</em></span>, <span _mstdst="4_25:35" _mstsrc="4_27:37" id="Dst[4][27:37:25:35]"><em>tetramerous</em></span> <span _mstdst="4_37:40" _mstsrc="4_39:40" id="Dst[4][39:40:37:40]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="4_42:52" _mstsrc="4_42:52" id="Dst[4][42:52:42:52]"><em>pentamerous</em>,</span> <span _mstdst="4_54:59" _mstsrc="4_54:57" id="Dst[4][54:57:54:59]">ketika</span> aksesoris atau perhiasan <span _mstdst="4_71:75" _mstsrc="4_63:68" id="Dst[4][63:68:71:75]">bunga</span> masing-masing memiliki kelipatan <span _mstdst="4_92:93" _mstsrc="4_100:101" id="Dst[4][100:101:92:93]">3,</span> <span _mstdst="4_95:95" _mstsrc="4_103:103" id="Dst[4][103:103:95:95]">4</span> <span _mstdst="4_97:100" _mstsrc="4_105:106" id="Dst[4][105:106:97:100]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="4_102:103" _mstsrc="4_108:109" id="Dst[4][108:109:102:103]">5. </span> <span _mstdst="4_120:124" _mstsrc="4_125:131" id="Dst[4][125:131:120:124]">Bunga</span> yang memiliki <span _mstdst="4_133:156" _mstsrc="4_138:143" id="Dst[4][138:143:133:156]">seludang bunga atau </span><span _mstdst="4_169:172" _mstsrc="4_155:158" id="Dst[4][155:158:169:172]">daun</span> kecil yang <span _mstdst="4_174:182" _mstsrc="4_160:164" id="Dst[4][160:164:174:182]">ditemukan</span> <span _mstdst="4_184:185" _mstsrc="4_166:167" id="Dst[4][166:167:184:185]">di</span> <span _mstdst="4_187:191" _mstsrc="4_173:176" id="Dst[4][173:176:187:191]">dasar</span> <span _mstdst="4_193:199" _mstsrc="4_185:191" id="Dst[4][185:191:193:199]"><em>pedicel</em>, </span><span _mstdst="4_201:207" _mstsrc="4_199:204" id="Dst[4][199:204:201:207]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="4_209:217" _mstsrc="4_206:214" id="Dst[4][206:214:209:217]"><em>bracteate</em></span> <span _mstdst="4_219:221" _mstsrc="4_216:218" id="Dst[4][216:218:219:221]">dan</span> bunga <span _mstdst="4_235:239" _mstsrc="4_226:232" id="Dst[4][226:232:235:239]">tanpa</span> <span _mstdst="4_241:264" _mstsrc="4_234:239" id="Dst[4][234:239:241:264]">seludang bunga atau daun kecil pelindung bunga disebut </span><span _mstdst="4_267:276" _mstsrc="4_242:251" id="Dst[4][242:251:267:276]"><em>ebracteate</em></span>.</span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
</span></span><br />
<div name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji7XjzjSNT0fDzkGRLKsBhtRpuDt_769O4N2PvwrMyIyEudWgZxoEBQ8k0oJ4lZBq38ZZojWVKy_zYqwidgXrbBDBGCqTQqvFQrp9i0E0lhzEEqVsIZkD9WvK4eE9PLH5YAiekDRw6_Ef-/s1600/Gambar+5.13+Posisi+dasar+bunga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji7XjzjSNT0fDzkGRLKsBhtRpuDt_769O4N2PvwrMyIyEudWgZxoEBQ8k0oJ4lZBq38ZZojWVKy_zYqwidgXrbBDBGCqTQqvFQrp9i0E0lhzEEqVsIZkD9WvK4eE9PLH5YAiekDRw6_Ef-/s1600/Gambar+5.13+Posisi+dasar+bunga.jpg" height="113" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[4]" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span lang="id">Gambar 14. Posisi bunga bagian pada thalamus: (a) Hypogynous, (b) dan (c) Perigynous (d) Epigynous (Anand, 2010)</span></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
</span></span><br />
<div name="div[4]" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"></span></span> </div>
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span lang="id">Berdasarkan posisi <em>calyx</em>, <em>corolla</em> dan <em>androecium</em> dari ovarium pada <em>thalamus</em>, bunga-bunga dapat digambarkan sebagai <em>hypogynous</em>, <em>perigynous</em> dan <em>epigynous</em> (Gambar 14). </span><span lang="id">Dalam bunga <em>hypogynous, </em> putik menempati posisi di atas <em>thalamus</em>, sementara bagian-bagian bunga yang lain berada di bawahnya. Ovarium</span><span lang="id"> pada bunga tersebut dikatakan menumpang misalnya sawi, <em>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</em> (Cina rose) dan terung (<em>Solanum melongena</em> L.). </span><span lang="id">Jika putik terletak di pusat dan bagian lain dari bunga terletak di tepi dari <em>thalamus</em> dengan posisi hampir pada tingkat yang sama, hal ini disebut <em>perigynous, </em>ovarium </span><span lang="id">dikatakan setengah tenggelam, misalnya, prem, mawar, persik. </span><span lang="id">Dalam bunga <em>epigynous</em>, margin <em>thalamus</em> tumbuh ke atas menutupi seluruh ovarium, bagian lain dari bunga yang muncul di atas ovarium. </span><span lang="id">Oleh karena itu, ovarium dikatakan tenggelam, misalnya pada bunga jambu, mentimun, dan susunan mahkota bunga dari <em>sunflower</em>.</span></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"></span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span lang="id"><strong>5.1 Bagian bunga</strong></span></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span lang="id">Setiap bunga biasanya memiliki empat karangan bunga, yakni, kelopak, corolla, androecium dan putik (gambar 15).</span></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
</span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><span lang="id"><strong>5.1.1 Kelopak</strong></span></span></span></div>
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
</span></span><br />
<span class="jfk-button-img" unselectable="on"><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681">
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">Kelopak karangan bunga terluar dan bagian kelopak disebut sepal. </span><span lang="id">Umumnya, sepal berwarna hijau, berbentuk seperti daun dan melindungi kuncup bunga. </span><span lang="id">Kelopak mungkin gamosepalous (beberapa sepal) atau polysepalous (banyak sepal).</span></div>
<div align="center" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><strong>5.1.2 Corolla</strong></span></div>
<div align="center" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><em>Corolla </em>terdiri dari petal. Petal</span><span lang="id"> bunga berwarna cerah biasanya untuk menarik serangga melakukan penyerbukan. </span><span lang="id">Seperti kelopak, <em>corolla</em> mungkin juga gamopetalous (beberapa petal) atau polypetalous (banyak petal). </span><span lang="id">Bentuk dan warna <em>corolla</em> bervariasi pada tanaman. </span><span lang="id">Corolla mungkin berbentuk seperti tabung (<em>tubular</em>), berbentuk lonceng (<em>bell</em>), berbentuk mangkuk atau berbentuk roda.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO88sBRgpJ8kVoDFn0_7dAS6yzcY7GYUW-e1c-v87xIYzsRlc8-GezucBUwiLAVZ144R_BjfPwI1wepSmbMYpLReIsRMsSppwK5FTsZnxEiyYN2DjMYl3qV1NTWorUS-6Ug3UF83DndEqi/s1600/Gambar+15.+Bagian+bunga.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO88sBRgpJ8kVoDFn0_7dAS6yzcY7GYUW-e1c-v87xIYzsRlc8-GezucBUwiLAVZ144R_BjfPwI1wepSmbMYpLReIsRMsSppwK5FTsZnxEiyYN2DjMYl3qV1NTWorUS-6Ug3UF83DndEqi/s320/Gambar+15.+Bagian+bunga.jpg.png" height="72" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2qTu8xtWRjKZhZ4GI0opYJYLu-kTZoX41v4za7mRql-cfiXoaiNMRYQwrOqzyhpEH6Yibh8QE6AgZRQFDZPFIBJisLGmlpfYkIhXurLX7thMLt_355KXT7p7bBfvIoIeit5X8kGo-bc8B/s1600/Gambar+5.14+Bagian-bagian+bunga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[0]" style="text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="0_0:5" _mstsrc="0_0:5" id="Dst[0][0:5:0:5]">Gambar</span> <span _mstdst="0_7:12" _mstsrc="0_7:11" id="Dst[0][7:11:7:12]">15. B</span><span _mstdst="0_14:19" _mstsrc="0_13:17" id="Dst[0][13:17:14:19]">agian</span> <span _mstdst="0_21:25" _mstsrc="0_24:29" id="Dst[0][24:29:21:25]">bunga (Anand, 2010)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[4]" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[1]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="1_0:10" _mstsrc="1_0:10" id="Dst[1][0:10:0:10]"><em>Aestivation</em> adalah m</span><span _mstdst="1_13:16" _mstsrc="1_17:20" id="Dst[1][17:20:13:16]">odel</span> <span _mstdst="1_18:27" _mstsrc="1_25:35" id="Dst[1][25:35:18:27]">pengaturan</span> <em>corolla </em> yang terdiri dari petal <span _mstdst="1_49:50" _mstsrc="1_57:58" id="Dst[1][57:58:49:50]">di</span> <span _mstdst="1_52:57" _mstsrc="1_67:69" id="Dst[1][67:69:52:57]">kuncup</span> <span _mstdst="1_59:63" _mstsrc="1_60:65" id="Dst[1][60:65:59:63]">bunga</span> <span _mstdst="1_65:81" _mstsrc="1_71:85" id="Dst[1][71:85:65:81]">sehubungan dengan</span> petal yang lain <span _mstdst="1_96:99" _mstsrc="1_105:106" id="Dst[1][105:106:96:99]">dari</span> karangan yang <span _mstdst="1_107:110" _mstsrc="1_112:115" id="Dst[1][112:115:107:110]">sama</span> <span _mstdst="1_112:118" _mstsrc="1_126:130" id="Dst[1][126:130:112:118]">dikenal</span> <span _mstdst="1_120:126" _mstsrc="1_132:133" id="Dst[1][132:133:120:126]">sebagai</span> <span _mstdst="1_128:138" _mstsrc="1_135:145" id="Dst[1][135:145:128:138]"><em>aestivation</em></span>. <span _mstdst="1_141:145" _mstsrc="1_157:161" id="Dst[1][157:161:141:145]">Jenis</span> <span _mstdst="1_147:151" _mstsrc="1_152:155" id="Dst[1][152:155:147:151]">utama</span> <span _mstdst="1_153:156" _mstsrc="1_163:164" id="Dst[1][163:164:153:156]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="1_158:168" _mstsrc="1_166:176" id="Dst[1][166:176:158:168]"><em>aestivation</em></span> adalah: <span _mstdst="1_170:176" _mstsrc="1_182:188" id="Dst[1][182:188:170:176]"><em>valvate</em></span>, <span _mstdst="1_179:185" _mstsrc="1_191:197" id="Dst[1][191:197:179:185]">memutar</span>, <span _mstdst="1_188:196" _mstsrc="1_200:208" id="Dst[1][200:208:188:196]"><em>imbricate</em></span> <span _mstdst="1_198:200" _mstsrc="1_210:212" id="Dst[1][210:212:198:200]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="1_202:210" _mstsrc="1_214:222" id="Dst[1][214:222:202:210]"><em>vexillary</em></span> <span _mstdst="1_212:217" _mstsrc="1_224:230" id="Dst[1][224:230:212:217]">(Gambar 16</span><span _mstdst="1_219:224" _mstsrc="1_232:237" id="Dst[1][232:237:219:224]">).</span> <span _mstdst="1_226:231" _mstsrc="1_239:242" id="Dst[1][239:242:226:231]">Ketika</span> petal <span _mstdst="1_245:251" _mstsrc="1_254:259" id="Dst[1][254:259:245:251]"> pada</span> karangan bunga <span _mstdst="1_262:266" _mstsrc="1_272:275" id="Dst[1][272:275:262:266]">hanya</span> <span _mstdst="1_268:276" _mstsrc="1_277:281" id="Dst[1][277:281:268:276]">menyentuh</span> <span _mstdst="1_278:281" _mstsrc="1_283:285" id="Dst[1][283:285:278:281]">satu</span> <span _mstdst="1_283:291" _mstsrc="1_287:293" id="Dst[1][287:293:283:291]">sama lain</span> <span _mstdst="1_293:294" _mstsrc="1_295:296" id="Dst[1][295:296:293:294]">di</span> <span _mstdst="1_296:301" _mstsrc="1_302:307" id="Dst[1][302:307:296:301]">margin</span>, <span _mstdst="1_304:308" _mstsrc="1_310:316" id="Dst[1][310:316:304:308]">tanpa</span> <span _mstdst="1_310:323" _mstsrc="1_318:328" id="Dst[1][318:328:310:323]">tumpang tindih</span>, <span _mstdst="1_326:332" _mstsrc="1_331:335" id="Dst[1][331:335:326:332]">seperti</span> <span _mstdst="1_334:343" _mstsrc="1_337:346" id="Dst[1][337:346:334:343]"><em>Calotropis</em></span>, <span _mstdst="1_346:354" _mstsrc="1_349:358" id="Dst[1][349:358:346:354]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="1_370:376" _mstsrc="1_366:372" id="Dst[1][366:372:370:376]"><em>valvate</em></span>. <span _mstdst="1_379:382" _mstsrc="1_375:376" id="Dst[1][375:376:379:382]">Jika</span> sebagian <span _mstdst="1_389:394" _mstsrc="1_382:387" id="Dst[1][382:387:389:394]">margin</span> petal <span _mstdst="1_405:418" _mstsrc="1_406:413" id="Dst[1][406:413:405:418]">tumpang tindih</span> dengan <span _mstdst="1_425:428" _mstsrc="1_423:425" id="Dst[1][423:425:425:428]">yang</span> <span _mstdst="1_430:439" _mstsrc="1_427:430" id="Dst[1][427:430:430:439]">berikutnya</span> <span _mstdst="1_441:443" _mstsrc="1_436:438" id="Dst[1][436:438:441:443]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="1_445:454" _mstsrc="1_440:444" id="Dst[1][440:444:445:454]">seterusnya</span> <span _mstdst="1_456:462" _mstsrc="1_446:450" id="Dst[1][446:450:456:462]">seperti</span> <em><span _mstdst="1_464:467" _mstsrc="1_452:456" id="Dst[1][452:456:464:467]">Cina</span> </em><span _mstdst="1_469:472" _mstsrc="1_458:461" id="Dst[1][458:461:469:472]"><em>rose</em> </span><span _mstdst="1_487:489" _mstsrc="1_478:480" id="Dst[1][478:480:487:489]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="1_491:495" _mstsrc="1_482:487" id="Dst[1][482:487:491:495]">kapas</span>, <span _mstdst="1_502:508" _mstsrc="1_496:501" id="Dst[1][496:501:502:508]">disebut</span> memutar<span _mstdst="1_510:516" _mstsrc="1_503:509" id="Dst[1][503:509:510:516]"> (<em>twisted</em>)</span>. <span _mstdst="1_519:522" _mstsrc="1_512:513" id="Dst[1][512:513:519:522]">Jika</span> <span _mstdst="1_524:529" _mstsrc="1_519:525" id="Dst[1][519:525:524:529]">margin</span> petal <span _mstdst="1_551:564" _mstsrc="1_547:553" id="Dst[1][547:553:551:564]">tumpang tindih</span> <span _mstdst="1_566:569" _mstsrc="1_555:557" id="Dst[1][555:557:566:569]">satu</span> <span _mstdst="1_571:579" _mstsrc="1_559:565" id="Dst[1][559:565:571:579]">sama lain</span> <span _mstdst="1_581:586" _mstsrc="1_567:569" id="Dst[1][567:569:581:586]">tetapi</span> <span _mstdst="1_588:592" _mstsrc="1_571:573" id="Dst[1][571:573:588:592]">tidak</span> <span _mstdst="1_594:598" _mstsrc="1_575:576" id="Dst[1][575:576:594:598]">dalam</span> <span _mstdst="1_600:605" _mstsrc="1_578:580" id="Dst[1][578:580:600:605]">segala</span> <span _mstdst="1_607:610" _mstsrc="1_593:601" id="Dst[1][593:601:607:610]">arah</span> <span _mstdst="1_612:619" _mstsrc="1_582:591" id="Dst[1][582:591:612:619]">tertentu</span> <span _mstdst="1_621:627" _mstsrc="1_603:607" id="Dst[1][603:607:621:627]">seperti</span> pada <span _mstdst="1_632:637" _mstsrc="1_609:614" id="Dst[1][609:614:632:637]"><em>Cassia</em></span> <span _mstdst="1_639:641" _mstsrc="1_616:618" id="Dst[1][616:618:639:641]">dan</span> flamboyan (<em>Delonix regia</em> L.), <span _mstdst="1_653:663" _mstsrc="1_634:644" id="Dst[1][634:644:653:663]"><em>aestivation</em></span> <span _mstdst="1_665:671" _mstsrc="1_649:654" id="Dst[1][649:654:665:671]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="1_673:681" _mstsrc="1_656:664" id="Dst[1][656:664:673:681]"><em>imbricate</em></span>. Pada kacang <span _mstdst="1_697:702" _mstsrc="1_670:672" id="Dst[1][670:672:697:702]">polong (<em>Pisum sativum</em> L.)</span> <span _mstdst="1_704:706" _mstsrc="1_674:676" id="Dst[1][674:676:704:706]">dan</span> kembang telang (<em>Clitoria ternatea L</em>.), <span _mstdst="1_722:724" _mstsrc="1_692:700" id="Dst[1][692:700:722:724]">ada</span> <span _mstdst="1_726:729" _mstsrc="1_702:705" id="Dst[1][702:705:726:729]">lima</span> petal, <span _mstdst="1_740:747" _mstsrc="1_719:725" id="Dst[1][719:725:740:747]">terbesar</span> <span _mstdst="1_749:757" _mstsrc="1_727:736" id="Dst[1][727:736:749:757]">(standar)</span> <span _mstdst="1_759:772" _mstsrc="1_738:745" id="Dst[1][738:745:759:772]">tumpang tindih</span> dengan petal <span _mstdst="1_782:788" _mstsrc="1_755:761" id="Dst[1][755:761:782:788]">lateral</span> berupa <span _mstdst="1_790:792" _mstsrc="1_751:753" id="Dst[1][751:753:790:792]">dua</span> <span _mstdst="1_794:800" _mstsrc="1_770:776" id="Dst[1][770:776:794:800]">(sayap),</span> <span _mstdst="1_802:805" _mstsrc="1_778:782" id="Dst[1][778:782:802:805]">yang</span> <span _mstdst="1_807:810" _mstsrc="1_784:785" id="Dst[1][784:785:807:810]">pada</span> <span _mstdst="1_812:821" _mstsrc="1_787:790" id="Dst[1][787:790:812:821]">gilirannya</span> <span _mstdst="1_823:836" _mstsrc="1_792:798" id="Dst[1][792:798:823:836]">tumpang tindih</span> dengan <span _mstdst="1_838:840" _mstsrc="1_804:806" id="Dst[1][804:806:838:840]">dua</span> petal <span _mstdst="1_842:849" _mstsrc="1_808:815" id="Dst[1][808:815:842:849]">terkecil</span> di <span _mstdst="1_851:858" _mstsrc="1_817:824" id="Dst[1][817:824:851:858]">anterior</span> <span _mstdst="1_860:866" _mstsrc="1_826:831" id="Dst[1][826:831:860:866]">kelopak</span> <span _mstdst="1_868:875" _mstsrc="1_833:839" id="Dst[1][833:839:868:875]">(lunas);</span> <span _mstdst="1_877:887" _mstsrc="1_854:864" id="Dst[1][854:864:877:887]"><em>aestivation</em></span> <span _mstdst="1_889:893" _mstsrc="1_846:852" id="Dst[1][846:852:889:893]">jenis</span> <span _mstdst="1_895:897" _mstsrc="1_841:844" id="Dst[1][841:844:895:897]">ini</span> <span _mstdst="1_899:905" _mstsrc="1_869:873" id="Dst[1][869:873:899:905]">dikenal</span> <span _mstdst="1_907:913" _mstsrc="1_875:876" id="Dst[1][875:876:907:913]">sebagai</span> kupu-kupu (<span _mstdst="1_915:923" _mstsrc="1_878:886" id="Dst[1][878:886:915:923]"><em>vexillary</em></span> <span _mstdst="1_925:928" _mstsrc="1_888:889" id="Dst[1][888:889:925:928]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="1_930:943" _mstsrc="1_891:904" id="Dst[1][891:904:930:943]"><em>papilionaceous</em>)</span>.</div>
<div align="center" class="force_dir" name="div[1]" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitFcR4dA503qzXYAyZeeYFW6YiGCvMKVrchQJbX8-wL1LdqXkkRvqQWswHcFrpbg0aghZiMuye6ccK5LSthD5p0R5U9CF08lOWd0gjdUEsI8nTIWGibhsPogVzU7c9F6q9SMB0Bkiz6ok3/s1600/Gambar+5.15+Pelipatan+pada+mahkota+bunga.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitFcR4dA503qzXYAyZeeYFW6YiGCvMKVrchQJbX8-wL1LdqXkkRvqQWswHcFrpbg0aghZiMuye6ccK5LSthD5p0R5U9CF08lOWd0gjdUEsI8nTIWGibhsPogVzU7c9F6q9SMB0Bkiz6ok3/s1600/Gambar+5.15+Pelipatan+pada+mahkota+bunga.jpg" height="189" width="320" /></a></div>
</span><span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"><div class="force_dir" name="div[2]" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="id">Gambar16. Jenis <em>aestivation</em> di <em>corolla</em>: (a) <em>Valvate</em> (b) <em>Twisted</em> (c)<em> Imbricate</em> (d) <em>Vexillary </em>(Anand, 2010)</span></div>
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><strong>5.1.3 <em>Androecium</em></strong></span></div>
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><em>Androecium </em>terdiri dari benang sari. </span><span lang="id">Setiap benang sari mewakili organ reproduksi jantan, terdiri dari tangkai atau filamen dan antera. </span><span lang="id">Setiap antera biasanya terdiri atas dua lobus, dan setiap lobus memiliki dua ruang kantung serbuk sari. S</span><span lang="id">erbuk sari diproduksi di kantung serbuk sari. </span><span lang="id">Benang sari yang steril disebut stamen atau <em>staminode</em>.</span></div>
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">Benang sari dapat saling berlekatan, dapat pula melekat pada <em>corolla</em> atau <em>perianth</em>. B</span><span lang="id">enang Sari yang melekat pada <em>corolla</em>, disebut <em>epipetalous</em> seperti bunga terong, atau disebut <em>epiphyllous</em> jika melekat pada <em>perianth</em> seperti bunga-bunga lily. Bunga dengan satu putik dan banyak benang sari disebut </span><span lang="id"><em>polyandrous</em>, jumlah benang sari bisa bermacam-macam tergantung <em>species</em>. B</span><span lang="id">enang sari dapat saling berlekatan pada satu berkas (bundel) disebut <em>monoadelphous</em> seperti Cina rose, atau dua berkas disebut <em>diadelphous </em>seperti pada kacang, atau lebih dari dua berkas disebut <em>polyadelphous</em> seperti pada jeruk. V</span><span lang="id">ariasi panjang filamen bunga terdapat pula pada Salvia dan sawi.</span></div>
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id"><strong>5.1.4 Putik</strong></span></div>
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">Putik adalah alat reproduksi betina pada bunga dan terdiri dari satu atau banyak <em>carpel</em>. Putik</span><span lang="id"><em> </em>terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu stigma, stilus, dan ovarium. Ovarium</span><span lang="id"> adalah bagian basal dan terlihat besar pada putik, dan terletak tabung memanjang yang disebut stilus. Stilus</span><span lang="id"> menghubungkan ovarium dengan stigma. </span><span lang="id">Stigma di ujung stilus dan permukaan stigma reseptif terhadap butir serbuk sari. Bagian dalam ovarium seperti ruangan memiliki satu ovul (bakal biji)</span><span lang="id"> atau lebih melekat pada plasenta, yang berbentuk seperti bantal. Jika putik memiliki </span><span lang="id">lebih dari satu carpel, namun masing-masing <em>carpel </em>bebas satu sama lain (seperti teratai dan mawar) disebut <em>apocarpous</em>. Putik</span><span lang="id"> disebut <em>syncarpous</em> jika memiliki carpel yang menyatu, seperti pada sawi dan tomat. </span><span lang="id">Setelah pembuahan, ovul berkembang menjadi biji dan ovarium menjadi buah.</span></div>
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="id">Plasentasi (<em>Placentation</em>): Susunan Ovul dalam ovarium dikenal sebagai plasentasi. </span><span lang="id">Plasentasi bermacam-macam jenisnya, yaitu marjinal, di sudut tengah (<em>axile</em>), di tepi-tepi daun buah (<em>parietal</em>), <em>basal</em>, dan terdapat bebas di tengah (<em>free central</em>) pada gambar 17. Plasentasi marjinal, yaitu ovul terdapat d</span><span lang="id">i pinggir sepanjang bagian perut (ventral) ovarium dan bagian dorsal membentuk punggung, seperti pada kacang. Pada plasentasi <em>axile,</em> </span><span lang="id">Ovul melekat pada ovarium <em>multilocular</em>, seperti pada Cina rose, tomat dan jeruk. </span><span lang="id">Pada plasentasi <em>parietalis</em>, ovul terdapat di dinding sekeliling (<em>perifer</em>) <span lang="id"></span>ovarium, seperti pada sawi. </span><span lang="id">Ketika ovul berada pada poros tengah dan septa absen, seperti pada <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianthus" title="Dianthus"><em>Dianthus</em></a> dan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primula_vulgaris" title="Primula vulgaris"><em>Primula vulgaris</em></a> (Primrose) plasentasi disebut bebas di tengah (<em>free central</em>). Pada plasentasi </span><span lang="id"> <em>basal</em>, plasenta berkembang di dasar ovarium dan ovul tunggal melekat padanya, seperti bunga matahari, bunga tahi kotok (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetes_erecta" title="Tagetes erecta">Tagetes erecta</a></i>).</span></div>
</span><div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="2_641:646" _mstsrc="2_676:681"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFTLe-XG4rmcBaVWJwFt2cw97zfYx3Yw_htQWVYdo3UooY3PfG5Rclv0gXK5Zg1vGxL1P_DeSk20NgcNucRujkWuIxW-APxkP9wqLBQmMp3zYcyK90xX3yJLxlWIm18aPFW7TAR5Vgt5ne/s1600/Gambar+17.+Ovarium.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFTLe-XG4rmcBaVWJwFt2cw97zfYx3Yw_htQWVYdo3UooY3PfG5Rclv0gXK5Zg1vGxL1P_DeSk20NgcNucRujkWuIxW-APxkP9wqLBQmMp3zYcyK90xX3yJLxlWIm18aPFW7TAR5Vgt5ne/s320/Gambar+17.+Ovarium.jpg.png" height="320" width="95" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdczzlE3usNXr5L5_uu4v7iT9kuKqrAnh4BTTY2-7jgyWASrqD5eVIHc5h92mS8JxFnCbUg3BVysVHgGUBKuVUeTqZYid8kzOWIUFYe4xLh2Rr1AVuhNePsA4Vwiy70lSzjpakNM_BLovT/s1600/Gambar+5.16+Tipe+plasenta.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<div name="div[0]" style="text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="0_0:5" _mstsrc="0_0:5" id="Dst[0][0:5:0:5]">Gambar</span> <span _mstdst="0_7:10" _mstsrc="0_7:10" id="Dst[0][7:10:7:10]">17.</span> J<span _mstdst="0_12:16" _mstsrc="0_12:19" id="Dst[0][12:19:12:16]">enis</span> <span _mstdst="0_18:29" _mstsrc="0_21:32" id="Dst[0][21:32:18:29]"><em>placentation</em></span>: <span _mstdst="0_32:34" _mstsrc="0_36:38" id="Dst[0][36:38:32:34]">(a) Marjinal</span> <span _mstdst="0_45:47" _mstsrc="0_49:51" id="Dst[0][49:51:45:47]">(b)</span> <span _mstdst="0_49:53" _mstsrc="0_53:57" id="Dst[0][53:57:49:53]"><em>Axile</em></span> <span _mstdst="0_55:57" _mstsrc="0_59:61" id="Dst[0][59:61:55:57]">(c)</span> <span _mstdst="0_59:66" _mstsrc="0_63:70" id="Dst[0][63:70:59:66]"><em>Parietal</em></span> <span _mstdst="0_68:70" _mstsrc="0_72:74" id="Dst[0][72:74:68:70]">(d)</span> Bebas di t<span _mstdst="0_79:84" _mstsrc="0_81:87" id="Dst[0][81:87:79:84]">engah</span> <span _mstdst="0_86:88" _mstsrc="0_89:91" id="Dst[0][89:91:86:88]">(e)</span> <span _mstdst="0_90:94" _mstsrc="0_93:97" id="Dst[0][93:97:90:94]"><em>Basal</em> (Anand, 2010)</span></div>
<br />
<div name="div[1]">
<strong><span _mstdst="1_0:2" _mstsrc="1_0:2" id="Dst[1][0:2:0:2]">6.</span> <span _mstdst="1_4:7" _mstsrc="1_8:12" id="Dst[1][8:12:4:7]">Buah</span></strong></div>
<br />
<div name="div[2]">
<span _mstdst="2_0:3" _mstsrc="2_4:8" id="Dst[2][4:8:0:3]">Buah</span> <span _mstdst="2_5:10" _mstsrc="2_10:11" id="Dst[2][10:11:5:10]">adalah</span> <span _mstdst="2_12:17" _mstsrc="2_13:13" id="Dst[2][13:13:12:17]">suatu </span>k<span _mstdst="2_25:37" _mstsrc="2_15:28" id="Dst[2][15:28:25:37]">arakteristik</span> <span _mstdst="2_39:42" _mstsrc="2_38:39" id="Dst[2][38:39:39:42]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="2_44:50" _mstsrc="2_55:60" id="Dst[2][55:60:44:50]">tanaman</span> <span _mstdst="2_52:59" _mstsrc="2_45:53" id="Dst[2][45:53:52:59]">berbunga</span>. <span _mstdst="2_62:67" _mstsrc="2_63:67" id="Dst[2][63:67:62:67]">Sebagai hasil dari pematangan </span><span _mstdst="2_88:94" _mstsrc="2_89:93" id="Dst[2][89:93:88:94]">ovarium</span>, yang <span _mstdst="2_97:108" _mstsrc="2_96:104" id="Dst[2][96:104:97:108]">dikembangkan</span> <span _mstdst="2_110:116" _mstsrc="2_106:110" id="Dst[2][106:110:110:116]">setelah</span> <span _mstdst="2_118:126" _mstsrc="2_112:124" id="Dst[2][112:124:118:126]">pembuahan</span>. <span _mstdst="2_129:132" _mstsrc="2_127:128" id="Dst[2][127:128:129:132]">Jika</span> <span _mstdst="2_134:137" _mstsrc="2_132:136" id="Dst[2][132:136:134:137]">buah</span> <span _mstdst="2_139:142" _mstsrc="2_130:130" id="Dst[2][130:130:139:142]">yang</span> <span _mstdst="2_144:151" _mstsrc="2_141:146" id="Dst[2][141:146:144:151]">dibentuk</span> <span _mstdst="2_153:157" _mstsrc="2_148:154" id="Dst[2][148:154:153:157]">tanpa</span> <span _mstdst="2_159:167" _mstsrc="2_156:168" id="Dst[2][156:168:159:167]">pembuahan</span> pada <span _mstdst="2_169:175" _mstsrc="2_177:181" id="Dst[2][177:181:169:175]">ovarium</span>, maka <span _mstdst="2_182:188" _mstsrc="2_190:195" id="Dst[2][190:195:182:188]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="2_190:193" _mstsrc="2_214:218" id="Dst[2][214:218:190:193]">buah</span> <span _mstdst="2_195:208" _mstsrc="2_199:212" id="Dst[2][199:212:195:208]"><em>parthenocarpic</em></span>.</div>
<br />
<div name="div[3]">
<span _mstdst="3_0:6" _mstsrc="3_0:8" id="Dst[3][0:8:0:6]">Umumnya</span>, <span _mstdst="3_9:12" _mstsrc="3_15:19" id="Dst[3][15:19:9:12]">buah</span> <span _mstdst="3_14:20" _mstsrc="3_21:28" id="Dst[3][21:28:14:20]">terdiri</span> <span _mstdst="3_22:25" _mstsrc="3_30:31" id="Dst[3][30:31:22:25]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="3_27:33" _mstsrc="3_35:38" id="Dst[3][35:38:27:33]">dinding</span> buah <span _mstdst="3_35:38" _mstsrc="3_40:41" id="Dst[3][40:41:35:38]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="3_40:47" _mstsrc="3_43:50" id="Dst[3][43:50:40:47]"><em>pericarp</em></span> <span _mstdst="3_49:51" _mstsrc="3_52:54" id="Dst[3][52:54:49:51]">dan</span> biji-<span _mstdst="3_58:63" _mstsrc="3_56:60" id="Dst[3][56:60:58:63]">bijian</span>. <span _mstdst="3_66:73" _mstsrc="3_67:74" id="Dst[3][67:74:66:73]"><em>Pericarp</em></span> <span _mstdst="3_75:81" _mstsrc="3_76:81" id="Dst[3][76:81:75:81]">mungkin</span> <span _mstdst="3_83:88" _mstsrc="3_83:85" id="Dst[3][83:85:83:88]">kering</span> <span _mstdst="3_90:93" _mstsrc="3_87:88" id="Dst[3][87:88:90:93]">atau</span> <span _mstdst="3_95:103" _mstsrc="3_90:95" id="Dst[3][90:95:95:103]">berdaging</span>. <span _mstdst="3_106:111" _mstsrc="3_98:101" id="Dst[3][98:101:106:111]">Ketika</span> <span _mstdst="3_113:120" _mstsrc="3_103:110" id="Dst[3][103:110:113:120]"><em>pericarp</em></span> <span _mstdst="3_122:126" _mstsrc="3_115:119" id="Dst[3][115:119:122:126]">tebal</span> <span _mstdst="3_128:130" _mstsrc="3_121:123" id="Dst[3][121:123:128:130]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="3_132:140" _mstsrc="3_125:130" id="Dst[3][125:130:132:140]">berdaging</span>, buah dapat <span _mstdst="3_154:162" _mstsrc="3_139:152" id="Dst[3][139:152:154:162]">dibedakan</span> <span _mstdst="3_164:170" _mstsrc="3_154:157" id="Dst[3][154:157:164:170]">menjadi</span> <em><span _mstdst="3_172:178" _mstsrc="3_169:175" id="Dst[3][169:175:172:178]">epicarp</span> </em>di bagian <span _mstdst="3_180:183" _mstsrc="3_163:167" id="Dst[3][163:167:180:183]">luar</span>, <em>mesocarp</em> di bagian tengah yang dapat di<span _mstdst="3_186:190" _mstsrc="3_189:196" id="Dst[3][189:196:186:190]">makan (pada <em>Mangifera indica</em> atau mangga)</span> <span _mstdst="3_199:201" _mstsrc="3_198:200" id="Dst[3][198:200:199:201]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="3_203:210" _mstsrc="3_212:219" id="Dst[3][212:219:203:210]"><em>endocarp</em></span> <span _mstdst="3_212:216" _mstsrc="3_206:210" id="Dst[3][206:210:212:216]">bagian buah yang paling dalam</span>.</div>
<div name="div[3]">
</div>
</div>
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSuk4AHAvXwclHNulSs3e_x1HrpxVnMGaQR50FKKwEYzvdZg4ErJWV9aVqqgnzrszBNb7oM_M-Ut1Twx_LJatkee1VlvueP5OtJ_B4gmEJisUrvmCAqKE4zZxjjMYtsFoYM-HagkhZdUWn/s1600/Gambar+5.17+Bagian-bagian+buah.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSuk4AHAvXwclHNulSs3e_x1HrpxVnMGaQR50FKKwEYzvdZg4ErJWV9aVqqgnzrszBNb7oM_M-Ut1Twx_LJatkee1VlvueP5OtJ_B4gmEJisUrvmCAqKE4zZxjjMYtsFoYM-HagkhZdUWn/s320/Gambar+5.17+Bagian-bagian+buah.png" height="155" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
G<span _mstdst="0_14:19" _mstsrc="0_0:5" id="Dst[0][0:5:14:19]">ambar </span><span _mstdst="0_21:24" _mstsrc="0_7:10" id="Dst[0][7:10:21:24]">18. Bagian-bagian</span> <span _mstdst="0_26:29" _mstsrc="0_23:27" id="Dst[0][23:27:26:29]">buah</span>: <span _mstdst="0_32:34" _mstsrc="0_31:33" id="Dst[0][31:33:32:34]">(a)</span> <span _mstdst="0_36:41" _mstsrc="0_35:39" id="Dst[0][35:39:36:41]">Mangga</span> <span _mstdst="0_43:45" _mstsrc="0_41:43" id="Dst[0][41:43:43:45]">(b)</span> K<span _mstdst="0_47:52" _mstsrc="0_45:51" id="Dst[0][45:51:47:52]">elapa (Anand, 2010)</span></div>
<div aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Save to Phrasebook" class="goog-toolbar-button goog-inline-block trans-pb-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Save to Phrasebook" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on">
<br /></div>
<div name="div[1]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="1_0:1" _mstsrc="1_0:1" id="Dst[1][0:1:0:1]">Buah pada m</span><span _mstdst="1_3:8" _mstsrc="1_3:7" id="Dst[1][3:7:3:8]">angga</span> <span _mstdst="1_10:12" _mstsrc="1_9:11" id="Dst[1][9:11:10:12]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="1_14:19" _mstsrc="1_13:19" id="Dst[1][13:19:14:19]">kelapa </span><span _mstdst="1_27:33" _mstsrc="1_35:39" id="Dst[1][35:39:27:33]">dikenal</span> <span _mstdst="1_35:41" _mstsrc="1_41:42" id="Dst[1][41:42:35:41]">sebagai</span> buah batu (<span _mstdst="1_43:47" _mstsrc="1_46:50" id="Dst[1][46:50:43:47]"><em>drupe</em>), yang dapat dilihat pada </span><span _mstdst="1_49:55" _mstsrc="1_52:58" id="Dst[1][52:58:49:55]">gambar</span> 18<span _mstdst="1_57:62" _mstsrc="1_60:65" id="Dst[1][60:65:57:62]">.</span> Buah <span _mstdst="1_71:80" _mstsrc="1_72:78" id="Dst[1][72:78:71:80]">berkembang</span> <span _mstdst="1_82:85" _mstsrc="1_80:83" id="Dst[1][80:83:82:85]">dari</span> ovarium pada s<span _mstdst="1_87:100" _mstsrc="1_85:98" id="Dst[1][85:98:87:100]">atu carpel (monocarpellary) </span> yang unggul <span _mstdst="1_117:119" _mstsrc="1_117:119" id="Dst[1][117:119:117:119]">dan</span> mengandung <span _mstdst="1_121:124" _mstsrc="1_125:127" id="Dst[1][125:127:121:124]">satu</span> <span _mstdst="1_126:138" _mstsrc="1_129:134" id="Dst[1][129:134:126:138]">biji</span>. Pada kelapa <span _mstdst="1_150:157" _mstsrc="1_150:157" id="Dst[1][150:157:150:157]">pericarp</span> <span _mstdst="1_159:162" _mstsrc="1_162:165" id="Dst[1][162:165:159:162]">juga</span> <span _mstdst="1_164:172" _mstsrc="1_167:180" id="Dst[1][167:180:164:172]">dibedakan</span> <span _mstdst="1_174:180" _mstsrc="1_182:185" id="Dst[1][182:185:174:180]">menjadi</span> <span _mstdst="1_182:188" _mstsrc="1_201:207" id="Dst[1][201:207:182:188]"><em>epicarp</em></span> yang <span _mstdst="1_190:194" _mstsrc="1_196:199" id="Dst[1][196:199:190:194]">tipis</span> <span _mstdst="1_196:199" _mstsrc="1_190:194" id="Dst[1][190:194:196:199]">luar</span>, <em>mesocarp</em> di bagian tengah yang keras berserat <span _mstdst="1_233:235" _mstsrc="1_242:244" id="Dst[1][242:244:233:235]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="1_237:244" _mstsrc="1_266:273" id="Dst[1][266:273:237:244]"><em>endocarp</em></span> di bagian dalam yang <span _mstdst="1_246:250" _mstsrc="1_261:264" id="Dst[1][261:264:246:250]">keras</span> seperti batu. </div>
<div aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Save to Phrasebook" class="goog-toolbar-button goog-inline-block trans-pb-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Save to Phrasebook" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on">
<br /></div>
<div name="div[2]">
<strong><span _mstdst="2_0:2" _mstsrc="2_0:2" id="Dst[2][0:2:0:2]">7.</span> <span _mstdst="2_4:8" _mstsrc="2_8:11" id="Dst[2][8:11:4:8]">Biji </span></strong></div>
<div aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Save to Phrasebook" class="goog-toolbar-button goog-inline-block trans-pb-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Save to Phrasebook" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on">
<br /></div>
<div name="div[3]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="3_0:4" _mstsrc="3_4:9" id="Dst[3][4:9:0:4]">Bakal biji (o<em>vule</em>)</span> <span _mstdst="3_6:12" _mstsrc="3_11:15" id="Dst[3][11:15:6:12]">setelah</span> <span _mstdst="3_14:22" _mstsrc="3_17:29" id="Dst[3][17:29:14:22]">pembuahan</span>, <span _mstdst="3_25:34" _mstsrc="3_32:38" id="Dst[3][32:38:25:34]">berkembang</span> <span _mstdst="3_36:42" _mstsrc="3_40:43" id="Dst[3][40:43:36:42]">menjadi</span> <span _mstdst="3_44:47" _mstsrc="3_45:49" id="Dst[3][45:49:44:47]">biji</span>. <span _mstdst="3_50:54" _mstsrc="3_54:57" id="Dst[3][54:57:50:54]">Biji</span> <span _mstdst="3_56:62" _mstsrc="3_62:68" id="Dst[3][62:68:56:62]">terdiri</span> <span _mstdst="3_64:67" _mstsrc="3_70:71" id="Dst[3][70:71:64:67]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="3_69:73" _mstsrc="3_80:83" id="Dst[3][80:83:69:73]">kulit</span> <span _mstdst="3_75:78" _mstsrc="3_75:78" id="Dst[3][75:78:75:78]">biji</span> <span _mstdst="3_80:82" _mstsrc="3_85:87" id="Dst[3][85:87:80:82]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="3_84:89" _mstsrc="3_92:97" id="Dst[3][92:97:84:89]">embrio</span>. <span _mstdst="3_92:97" _mstsrc="3_104:109" id="Dst[3][104:109:92:97]">Embrio</span> <span _mstdst="3_99:105" _mstsrc="3_114:120" id="Dst[3][114:120:99:105]">terdiri</span> <span _mstdst="3_107:110" _mstsrc="3_122:123" id="Dst[3][122:123:107:110]">dari</span> radikula (<span _mstdst="3_112:118" _mstsrc="3_127:133" id="Dst[3][127:133:112:118]"><em>radicula</em>)</span>, batang <span _mstdst="3_121:125" _mstsrc="3_149:152" id="Dst[3][149:152:121:125]">sembrio (<em>cauliculus</em>)</span><span _mstdst="3_137:139" _mstsrc="3_154:156" id="Dst[3][154:156:137:139]">dan</span> keping biji (<em>cotyledo</em>). Tumbuhan dapat memiliki <span _mstdst="3_141:144" _mstsrc="3_158:160" id="Dst[3][158:160:141:144]">satu keping biji </span><span _mstdst="3_146:153" _mstsrc="3_162:167" id="Dst[3][162:167:146:153]">seperti</span> <span _mstdst="3_155:160" _mstsrc="3_169:173" id="Dst[3][169:173:155:160]">gandum</span> dan <span _mstdst="3_163:169" _mstsrc="3_176:181" id="Dst[3][176:181:163:169]">jagung, </span><span _mstdst="3_171:174" _mstsrc="3_183:184" id="Dst[3][183:184:171:174]">atau</span> dua keping biji seperti pada <span _mstdst="3_201:208" _mstsrc="3_217:221" id="Dst[3][217:221:201:208]">kacang (Hidajat, 1994).</span></div>
<div aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Save to Phrasebook" class="goog-toolbar-button goog-inline-block trans-pb-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Save to Phrasebook" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on">
<br /></div>
<div name="div[4]">
<strong><span _mstdst="4_0:11" _mstsrc="4_0:4" id="Dst[4][0:4:0:11]">7.1 Berisi</span> <span _mstdst="4_13:20" _mstsrc="4_6:14" id="Dst[4][6:14:13:20]">struktur</span> biji <span _mstdst="4_28:34" _mstsrc="4_21:34" id="Dst[4][21:34:28:34]">dikotil</span></strong></div>
<div aria-hidden="false" aria-label="Save to Phrasebook" class="goog-toolbar-button goog-inline-block trans-pb-button" data-tooltip-align="t,c" data-tooltip="Save to Phrasebook" role="button" tabindex="0" unselectable="on">
<br /></div>
<div name="div[5]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_0:6" _mstsrc="5_14:21" id="Dst[5][14:21:0:6]">Penutup</span> <span _mstdst="5_8:14" _mstsrc="5_4:12" id="Dst[5][4:12:8:14]">terluar</span> <span _mstdst="5_16:20" _mstsrc="5_28:31" id="Dst[5][28:31:16:20]">biji</span> <span _mstdst="5_22:27" _mstsrc="5_33:34" id="Dst[5][33:34:22:27]">adalah</span> kulit biji. <span _mstdst="5_43:47" _mstsrc="5_60:63" id="Dst[5][60:63:43:47]">Kulit</span> <span _mstdst="5_49:52" _mstsrc="5_55:58" id="Dst[5][55:58:49:52]">biji</span> <span _mstdst="5_54:61" _mstsrc="5_65:67" id="Dst[5][65:67:54:61]">memiliki</span> <span _mstdst="5_63:65" _mstsrc="5_69:71" id="Dst[5][69:71:63:65]">dua</span> <span _mstdst="5_67:73" _mstsrc="5_73:78" id="Dst[5][73:78:67:73]">lapisan</span>, <span _mstdst="5_76:80" _mstsrc="5_91:95" id="Dst[5][91:95:76:80]">testa</span> di bagian <span _mstdst="5_82:85" _mstsrc="5_85:89" id="Dst[5][85:89:82:85]">luar</span> <span _mstdst="5_87:89" _mstsrc="5_97:99" id="Dst[5][97:99:87:89]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="5_91:96" _mstsrc="5_101:103" id="Dst[5][101:103:91:96]">tegmen</span> di bagian dalam. Hilum-<span _mstdst="5_111:114" _mstsrc="5_123:127" id="Dst[5][123:127:111:114]">biji</span> <span _mstdst="5_116:121" _mstsrc="5_129:130" id="Dst[5][129:130:116:121]">adalah</span> <span _mstdst="5_123:132" _mstsrc="5_134:137" id="Dst[5][134:137:123:132]">bekas luka</span> <span _mstdst="5_134:135" _mstsrc="5_139:140" id="Dst[5][139:140:134:135]">di</span> <span _mstdst="5_137:141" _mstsrc="5_151:154" id="Dst[5][151:154:137:141]">kulit</span> <span _mstdst="5_143:146" _mstsrc="5_146:149" id="Dst[5][146:149:143:146]">biji, menunjukkan bakal biji (<em>ovul</em>) selama perkembangan menjadi biji </span><span _mstdst="5_181:189" _mstsrc="5_196:203" id="Dst[5][196:203:181:189]">terpasang</span> <span _mstdst="5_191:192" _mstsrc="5_205:206" id="Dst[5][205:206:191:192]">ke</span> <span _mstdst="5_194:197" _mstsrc="5_212:216" id="Dst[5][212:216:194:197]">buah melalui tali pusar (<em>funiculus</em>)</span>. <span _mstdst="5_200:206" _mstsrc="5_219:223" id="Dst[5][219:223:200:206]">Di atas</span> hilum-<span _mstdst="5_214:217" _mstsrc="5_229:233" id="Dst[5][229:233:214:217]">biji</span> terdapat pori-<span _mstdst="5_224:227" _mstsrc="5_246:249" id="Dst[5][246:249:224:227]">pori</span> <span _mstdst="5_229:233" _mstsrc="5_240:244" id="Dst[5][240:244:229:233]">kecil</span> yang <span _mstdst="5_235:241" _mstsrc="5_251:256" id="Dst[5][251:256:235:241]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="5_243:251" _mstsrc="5_262:270" id="Dst[5][262:270:243:251]"><em>micropyle</em></span>. Bagian dalam dari <span _mstdst="5_260:264" _mstsrc="5_289:292" id="Dst[5][289:292:260:264]">kulit</span> <span _mstdst="5_266:269" _mstsrc="5_284:287" id="Dst[5][284:287:266:269]">biji</span> <span _mstdst="5_271:276" _mstsrc="5_294:295" id="Dst[5][294:295:271:276]">adalah</span> <span _mstdst="5_278:283" _mstsrc="5_301:306" id="Dst[5][301:306:278:283]">embrio</span>, <span _mstdst="5_286:292" _mstsrc="5_309:318" id="Dst[5][309:318:286:292]">terdiri</span> <span _mstdst="5_294:297" _mstsrc="5_320:321" id="Dst[5][320:321:294:297]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="5_299:303" _mstsrc="5_336:339" id="Dst[5][336:339:299:303]">sumbu</span> <em><span _mstdst="5_305:313" _mstsrc="5_326:334" id="Dst[5][326:334:305:313]">embryonal</span> </em><span _mstdst="5_315:317" _mstsrc="5_341:343" id="Dst[5][341:343:315:317]">dan</span> <em>cotyledon</em>. <em>Cotyledon </em><span _mstdst="5_344:349" _mstsrc="5_380:384" id="Dst[5][380:384:344:349]">sering</span> <span _mstdst="5_351:359" _mstsrc="5_386:391" id="Dst[5][386:391:351:359]">berdaging</span> <span _mstdst="5_361:363" _mstsrc="5_393:395" id="Dst[5][393:395:361:363]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="5_365:369" _mstsrc="5_397:400" id="Dst[5][397:400:365:369]">penuh</span> mengandung <span _mstdst="5_371:375" _mstsrc="5_402:403" id="Dst[5][402:403:371:375]">bahan</span> <span _mstdst="5_377:383" _mstsrc="5_413:416" id="Dst[5][413:416:377:383]">makanan</span>. <span _mstdst="5_394:395" _mstsrc="5_429:430" id="Dst[5][429:430:394:395]">Di</span> <span _mstdst="5_397:401" _mstsrc="5_440:443" id="Dst[5][440:443:397:401]">ujung</span> <span _mstdst="5_407:411" _mstsrc="5_448:450" id="Dst[5][448:450:407:411]">sumbu</span> <em><span _mstdst="5_413:421" _mstsrc="5_452:460" id="Dst[5][452:460:413:421]">embryonal</span> </em>tanaman dikotil (berkeping dua) <span _mstdst="5_428:437" _mstsrc="5_471:477" id="Dst[5][471:477:428:437]">menunjukkan</span> <span _mstdst="5_439:445" _mstsrc="5_483:489" id="Dst[5][483:489:439:445]"><em>radicle</em></span> <span _mstdst="5_447:449" _mstsrc="5_491:493" id="Dst[5][491:493:447:449]">dan</span> <em>plumule</em> <span _mstdst="5_462:467" _mstsrc="5_507:513" id="Dst[5][507:513:462:467]">(gambar 19</span><span _mstdst="5_469:474" _mstsrc="5_515:520" id="Dst[5][515:520:469:474]">).</span> E<span _mstdst="5_511:519" _mstsrc="5_555:563" id="Dst[5][555:563:511:519]">ndosperm</span> biji jarak <span _mstdst="5_521:529" _mstsrc="5_565:570" id="Dst[5][565:570:521:529]">terbentuk</span> <span _mstdst="5_531:548" _mstsrc="5_572:585" id="Dst[5][572:585:531:548]">sebagai hasil dari</span> <span _mstdst="5_550:558" _mstsrc="5_594:606" id="Dst[5][594:606:550:558]">pembuahan</span> <span _mstdst="5_560:564" _mstsrc="5_587:592" id="Dst[5][587:592:560:564]">ganda</span>, yang merupakan <span _mstdst="5_592:599" _mstsrc="5_627:632" id="Dst[5][627:632:592:599]">jaringan penyimpan cadangan makanan</span>. <span _mstdst="5_602:605" _mstsrc="5_635:636" id="Dst[5][635:636:602:605]">Pada</span> <span _mstdst="5_607:613" _mstsrc="5_638:643" id="Dst[5][638:643:607:613]">tanaman</span> <span _mstdst="5_615:621" _mstsrc="5_645:651" id="Dst[5][645:651:615:621]">seperti</span> <span _mstdst="5_623:628" _mstsrc="5_653:656" id="Dst[5][653:656:623:628]">kacang</span>, tidak terdapat <span _mstdst="5_648:656" _mstsrc="5_677:685" id="Dst[5][677:685:648:656]">endosperm</span> <span _mstdst="5_670:674" _mstsrc="5_702:703" id="Dst[5][702:703:670:674]">dalam</span> <span _mstdst="5_683:686" _mstsrc="5_712:716" id="Dst[5][712:716:683:686]">biji</span> dewasa <span _mstdst="5_688:690" _mstsrc="5_718:720" id="Dst[5][718:720:688:690]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="5_692:704" _mstsrc="5_727:731" id="Dst[5][727:731:692:704]">biji tanaman</span> <span _mstdst="5_706:713" _mstsrc="5_722:725" id="Dst[5][722:725:706:713]">tersebut</span> <span _mstdst="5_715:721" _mstsrc="5_737:742" id="Dst[5][737:742:715:721]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760" id="Dst[5][744:760:723:739]"><em>non-endospermous</em>.</span></div>
<div name="div[5]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"></span> </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRpPCNepQZ0OnbwzBUIL90RZpOz3s5h7vzXEReD3ypGmVjWDLzP6BJkZTPIi9bueYd-XoGq1mWg-nrLLSeb9Pr9d9tLoNVLUvE8tWYSNVBdTwZbHcAdF19-Ak6zsjNUIWOpGuthvoKiQei/s1600/Gambar+5.18+Bagian-bagian+biji+dikotil.png" height="169" width="320" /></div>
<div name="div[5]">
<div name="div[0]" style="text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="0_0:5" _mstsrc="0_0:5" id="Dst[0][0:5:0:5]">Gambar</span> <span _mstdst="0_7:10" _mstsrc="0_7:10" id="Dst[0][7:10:7:10]">19. </span> S<span _mstdst="0_12:19" _mstsrc="0_12:20" id="Dst[0][12:20:12:19]">truktur</span> biji (benih) <span _mstdst="0_21:27" _mstsrc="0_25:38" id="Dst[0][25:38:21:27]">dikotil</span> (Anand, 2010)</span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760">
</span><br />
<div name="div[0]" style="text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"> </span></div>
<div name="div[1]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><strong><span _mstdst="1_0:4" _mstsrc="1_0:4" id="Dst[1][0:4:0:4]">7.2</span> <span _mstdst="1_6:13" _mstsrc="1_6:14" id="Dst[1][6:14:6:13]">Struktur</span> biji <span _mstdst="1_15:23" _mstsrc="1_19:34" id="Dst[1][19:34:15:23]">monokotil</span></strong></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760">
</span><br />
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="2_0:11" _mstsrc="2_0:8" id="Dst[2][0:8:0:11]">Pada umumnya</span>, biji <span _mstdst="2_14:22" _mstsrc="2_11:26" id="Dst[2][11:26:14:22]">monokotil memiliki </span><span _mstdst="2_30:40" _mstsrc="2_38:48" id="Dst[2][38:48:30:40]">endosperm, </span> <span _mstdst="2_42:47" _mstsrc="2_50:52" id="Dst[2][50:52:42:47]">tetapi</span> monokotil lainnya, <span _mstdst="2_58:64" _mstsrc="2_59:63" id="Dst[2][59:63:58:64]">seperti</span> <span _mstdst="2_66:72" _mstsrc="2_65:71" id="Dst[2][65:71:66:72]">anggrek</span> <em>non</em><span _mstdst="2_74:91" _mstsrc="2_77:92" id="Dst[2][77:92:74:91]"><em>-endospermic</em>.</span> Umumnya d<span _mstdst="2_93:97" _mstsrc="2_94:95" id="Dst[2][94:95:93:97]">alam</span> <span _mstdst="2_99:102" _mstsrc="2_101:105" id="Dst[2][101:105:99:102]">biji</span> <span _mstdst="2_104:109" _mstsrc="2_110:116" id="Dst[2][110:116:104:109]">sereal</span> <span _mstdst="2_111:117" _mstsrc="2_118:124" id="Dst[2][118:124:111:117]">seperti</span> <span _mstdst="2_119:124" _mstsrc="2_126:130" id="Dst[2][126:130:119:124]">jagung memiliki</span> kulit <span _mstdst="2_126:129" _mstsrc="2_136:139" id="Dst[2][136:139:126:129]">biji</span> yang <span _mstdst="2_158:164" _mstsrc="2_174:178" id="Dst[2][174:178:158:164]">menyatu</span> <span _mstdst="2_166:171" _mstsrc="2_180:183" id="Dst[2][180:183:166:171]">dengan</span> <span _mstdst="2_173:179" _mstsrc="2_195:198" id="Dst[2][195:198:173:179]">dinding</span> <span _mstdst="2_181:184" _mstsrc="2_189:193" id="Dst[2][189:193:181:184]">buah</span>. <span _mstdst="2_187:195" _mstsrc="2_205:213" id="Dst[2][205:213:187:195]">Endosperm</span> Nampak terlihat <span _mstdst="2_197:201" _mstsrc="2_218:222" id="Dst[2][218:222:197:201]">besar</span> dan mengandung cadangan <span _mstdst="2_212:218" _mstsrc="2_235:238" id="Dst[2][235:238:212:218]">makanan</span>. Bagian <span _mstdst="2_229:232" _mstsrc="2_245:249" id="Dst[2][245:249:229:232]">luar</span> <span _mstdst="2_234:242" _mstsrc="2_263:271" id="Dst[2][263:271:234:242]">endosperm</span> <span _mstdst="2_244:253" _mstsrc="2_273:281" id="Dst[2][273:281:244:253]">memisahkan</span> <span _mstdst="2_255:260" _mstsrc="2_287:292" id="Dst[2][287:292:255:260]">embrio</span> <span _mstdst="2_262:267" _mstsrc="2_294:295" id="Dst[2][294:295:262:267]">dengan</span> <span _mstdst="2_269:275" _mstsrc="2_297:297" id="Dst[2][297:297:269:275]">lapisan</span> yang mengandung <span _mstdst="2_277:286" _mstsrc="2_299:308" id="Dst[2][299:308:277:286]">protein, </span>yang <span _mstdst="2_293:299" _mstsrc="2_316:321" id="Dst[2][316:321:293:299]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="2_301:307" _mstsrc="2_332:336" id="Dst[2][332:336:301:307]">lapisan</span> <span _mstdst="2_309:316" _mstsrc="2_323:330" id="Dst[2][323:330:309:316]"><em>aleurone</em></span>. <span _mstdst="2_319:324" _mstsrc="2_343:348" id="Dst[2][343:348:319:324]">Embrio</span> <span _mstdst="2_326:330" _mstsrc="2_353:357" id="Dst[2][353:357:326:330]">kecil, </span><span _mstdst="2_336:343" _mstsrc="2_363:370" id="Dst[2][363:370:336:343]">terletak</span> <span _mstdst="2_345:346" _mstsrc="2_372:373" id="Dst[2][372:373:345:346]">di</span> <span _mstdst="2_348:351" _mstsrc="2_377:382" id="Dst[2][377:382:348:351]">alur</span> <span _mstdst="2_353:356" _mstsrc="2_384:385" id="Dst[2][384:385:353:356]">pada</span> <span _mstdst="2_358:367" _mstsrc="2_387:389" id="Dst[2][387:389:358:367]">salah satu</span> <span _mstdst="2_369:373" _mstsrc="2_391:393" id="Dst[2][391:393:369:373]">ujung</span> <span _mstdst="2_375:383" _mstsrc="2_402:410" id="Dst[2][402:410:375:383]">endosperm, t</span><span _mstdst="2_386:392" _mstsrc="2_416:423" id="Dst[2][416:423:386:392]">erdiri</span> <span _mstdst="2_394:397" _mstsrc="2_425:426" id="Dst[2][425:426:394:397]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="2_399:402" _mstsrc="2_428:430" id="Dst[2][428:430:399:402]">satu</span> kotiledon <span _mstdst="2_404:408" _mstsrc="2_432:436" id="Dst[2][432:436:404:408]">besar</span> <span _mstdst="2_410:412" _mstsrc="2_438:440" id="Dst[2][438:440:410:412]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_424:432" _mstsrc="2_449:454" id="Dst[2][449:454:424:432]">berbentuk</span> <span _mstdst="2_434:440" _mstsrc="2_442:447" id="Dst[2][442:447:434:440]">perisai</span> yang <span _mstdst="2_447:453" _mstsrc="2_466:470" id="Dst[2][466:470:447:453]">dikenal</span> <span _mstdst="2_455:461" _mstsrc="2_472:473" id="Dst[2][472:473:455:461]">sebagai</span> <em><span _mstdst="2_463:471" _mstsrc="2_475:483" id="Dst[2][475:483:463:471]">scutellum</span> </em><span _mstdst="2_473:475" _mstsrc="2_485:487" id="Dst[2][485:487:473:475]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_477:481" _mstsrc="2_497:500" id="Dst[2][497:500:477:481]">sumbu</span> <span _mstdst="2_483:488" _mstsrc="2_491:495" id="Dst[2][491:495:483:488]">pendek</span> <span _mstdst="2_490:495" _mstsrc="2_502:505" id="Dst[2][502:505:490:495]">dengan bakal pucuk</span> (<em>plumule</em>)<em> </em><span _mstdst="2_508:510" _mstsrc="2_517:519" id="Dst[2][517:519:508:510]">dan</span> bakal akar (<span _mstdst="2_512:518" _mstsrc="2_523:529" id="Dst[2][523:529:512:518]"><em>radicle</em>). Bakal pucuk (<em>plumule</em>)<em> </em><span _mstdst="2_508:510" _mstsrc="2_517:519" id="Dst[2][517:519:508:510]">dan</span> bakal akar (<span _mstdst="2_512:518" _mstsrc="2_523:529" id="Dst[2][523:529:512:518]"><em>radicle</em>)</span></span> <span _mstdst="2_544:549" _mstsrc="2_560:567" id="Dst[2][560:567:544:549]">diapit</span> oleh <span _mstdst="2_556:563" _mstsrc="2_572:578" id="Dst[2][572:578:556:563]">selubung</span> <span _mstdst="2_565:568" _mstsrc="2_580:584" id="Dst[2][580:584:565:568]">yang</span> masing-masing <span _mstdst="2_570:576" _mstsrc="2_590:595" id="Dst[2][590:595:570:576]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="2_578:587" _mstsrc="2_597:606" id="Dst[2][597:606:578:587]"><em>coleoptile</em></span> <span _mstdst="2_589:591" _mstsrc="2_608:610" id="Dst[2][608:610:589:591]">dan</span> <span _mstdst="2_593:602" _mstsrc="2_612:621" id="Dst[2][612:621:593:602]"><em>coleorhiza</em> </span><span _mstdst="2_618:624" _mstsrc="2_636:642" id="Dst[2][636:642:618:624]">(gambar</span> 20<span _mstdst="2_626:631" _mstsrc="2_644:649" id="Dst[2][644:649:626:631]">).</span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin6W1G0ZaxH1Ct-9RdnmNhqO7nnByqGauvBaON8wHdcLfdSuuRYcgyh4iRPTZOpGpzeuMryPIINi_7xlFcDctNUN7HVEPsF8dZ757zASJWScVzaZAUb6NVa-oJJXO08Z5rt8Z5fcrV5Rmy/s1600/Gambar+5.19+Struktur+biji+monokotil.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin6W1G0ZaxH1Ct-9RdnmNhqO7nnByqGauvBaON8wHdcLfdSuuRYcgyh4iRPTZOpGpzeuMryPIINi_7xlFcDctNUN7HVEPsF8dZ757zASJWScVzaZAUb6NVa-oJJXO08Z5rt8Z5fcrV5Rmy/s320/Gambar+5.19+Struktur+biji+monokotil.png" height="161" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HENX0aQzNJXZgAjAp5HqGy9mDrpkRxPXFjeHeT0M3p5Z1mxfAfqiILshfUxJm9FMOUlV5I1X1HPH89DWT9G34YKoYfw7q0sBF5Zu0K5cpQrh9g4HILUuXWhox_HaG8rTeQJVO7SLp3ml/s1600/Gambar+5.19+Struktur+biji+monokotil.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></span> </div>
<div class="force_dir" style="text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Gambar 20. Struktur biji (benih) monokotil (Anand, 2010)</span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"> </span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id"><strong>8. Deskripsi semi teknik tumbuhan berbunga yang khas</strong></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><strong></strong> </span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<div class="force_dir" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Berbagai ciri morfologi tumbuhan digunakan untuk menggambarkan tanaman berbunga. </span><span lang="id">Deskripsi tumbuhan menjadi singkat, dalam bahasa yang sederhana dan ilmiah yang disajikan dalam urutan yang tepat. </span><span lang="id">Tumbuhan digambarkan dengan karakter vegetatif seperti akar, batang dan daun, kemudian karakter bagian bunga dan perbungaan. </span><span lang="id">Setelah menggambarkan berbagai bagian tumbuhan, disajikan <em>floral diagram</em> dan <em>floral formula </em>atau rumus bunga. </span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760">
</span><br />
<div class="force_dir" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Pada rumus bunga digunakan beberapa simbol, Br singkatan bracteate K singkatan kelopak, C untuk corolla, P untuk perianth, A untuk androecium dan G untuk putik. <u>G</u> untuk ovarium dari putik yang menumpang di atas dasar bunga, dan <span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ḡ<o:p></o:p></span>
untuk ovarium dari putik yang tenggelam di dasar bunga. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">♂ </span>untuk bunga jantan, <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">♀ </span>bagi bunga betina, dan simbol tanaman biseksual dapat dilihat pada gambar 21. Simbol ⊕ untuk bunga actinomorphic dan
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">↑</span>
untuk zygomorphic. <span lang="id">Fusi diindikasikan dengan tanda kurung dan pelekatan (<em>adhesi</em>) oleh baris di atas atau di bawah lambang bagian bunga. </span><span lang="id">Diagram bunga menyediakan informasi tentang jumlah bagian bunga, pengaturan bunga dan hubungannya satu sama lain. </span><span lang="id">Posisi sumbu sehubungan dengan bunga diwakili oleh sebuah titik di atas diagram bunga. </span><span lang="id">Kelopak, corolla, androecium dan putik digambarkan dalam karangan berturut-turut, menjadi terluar kelopak dan putik berada di tengah. Rumus</span><span lang="id"> bunga juga menunjukkan kohesi dan adhesi dalam bagian karangan dan antara karangan. D</span><span lang="id">iagram dan rumus bunga terdapat gambar 21, mewakili tanaman mustard (Familia: Brassicaceae).</span>
</span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">
</span></span><br />
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB2oFe3cRYd0kMpfPJCzlhIp7dpL-_MjEHyjmdDaxeynfMkmqSK8SzP-161rsuPc3u5Kmel558sp1Et9Vtdhm0F1L30pkKGRzGBdWSWEI-P1sLm-kbr7weM5hqiTZhqBPwyfbdWB_CqDRk/s1600/Gambar+5.20+Diagram+bunga.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB2oFe3cRYd0kMpfPJCzlhIp7dpL-_MjEHyjmdDaxeynfMkmqSK8SzP-161rsuPc3u5Kmel558sp1Et9Vtdhm0F1L30pkKGRzGBdWSWEI-P1sLm-kbr7weM5hqiTZhqBPwyfbdWB_CqDRk/s1600/Gambar+5.20+Diagram+bunga.png" height="320" width="260" /></a></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<div name="div[0]" style="text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="0_0:5" _mstsrc="0_0:5" id="Dst[0][0:5:0:5]">Gambar</span> 21<span _mstdst="0_7:10" _mstsrc="0_7:10" id="Dst[0][7:10:7:10]">.</span> D<span _mstdst="0_12:18" _mstsrc="0_19:25" id="Dst[0][19:25:12:18]">iagram</span> <span _mstdst="0_20:24" _mstsrc="0_12:17" id="Dst[0][12:17:20:24]">bunga</span> <span _mstdst="0_26:31" _mstsrc="0_27:30" id="Dst[0][27:30:26:31]">dengan</span> rumus bunga (Anand, 2010)</span></div>
<br />
<div name="div[1]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><strong><span _mstdst="1_0:2" _mstsrc="1_0:2" id="Dst[1][0:2:0:2]">9.</span> <span _mstdst="1_4:12" _mstsrc="1_4:14" id="Dst[1][4:14:4:12]">Deskripsi beberapa familia tumbuhan </span></strong></span></div>
<br />
<div name="div[2]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><strong><span _mstdst="2_0:4" _mstsrc="2_0:4" id="Dst[2][0:4:0:4]">9.1</span> <span _mstdst="2_6:13" _mstsrc="2_6:13" id="Dst[2][6:13:6:13]">Fabaceae</span></strong></span></div>
<br />
<div name="div[3]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="3_0:7" _mstsrc="3_5:10" id="Dst[3][5:10:0:7]">Keluarga</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> <span _mstdst="3_13:22" _mstsrc="3_16:22" id="Dst[3][16:22:13:22]">sebelumnya</span> <span _mstdst="3_24:30" _mstsrc="3_24:29" id="Dst[3][24:29:24:30]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="3_32:45" _mstsrc="3_31:44" id="Dst[3][31:44:32:45]">Papilionoideae</span>, <span _mstdst="3_48:53" _mstsrc="3_47:47" id="Dst[3][47:47:48:53]">adalah</span> <span _mstdst="3_55:63" _mstsrc="3_49:57" id="Dst[3][49:57:55:63]">subfamili</span> <span _mstdst="3_65:68" _mstsrc="3_59:60" id="Dst[3][59:60:65:68]">dari</span> <span _mstdst="3_70:77" _mstsrc="3_62:67" id="Dst[3][62:67:70:77]">keluarga</span> <span _mstdst="3_79:82" _mstsrc="3_69:79" id="Dst[3][69:79:79:82]">Leguminosae</span>. <span _mstdst="3_85:99" _mstsrc="3_88:98" id="Dst[3][88:98:85:99]">Didistribusikan</span> <span _mstdst="3_101:102" _mstsrc="3_104:107" id="Dst[3][104:107:101:102]">ke</span> <span _mstdst="3_104:110" _mstsrc="3_109:111" id="Dst[3][109:111:104:110]">seluruh</span> <span _mstdst="3_112:116" _mstsrc="3_113:117" id="Dst[3][113:117:112:116]">dunia</span> <span _mstdst="3_118:124" _mstsrc="3_119:125" id="Dst[3][119:125:118:124]">(gambar</span> <span _mstdst="3_126:132" _mstsrc="3_127:132" id="Dst[3][127:132:126:132]">22).</span></span></div>
<br />
<div name="div[4]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><strong><span _mstdst="4_0:8" _mstsrc="4_0:9" id="Dst[4][0:9:0:8]">Karakter vegetatif</span></strong></span></div>
<div name="div[5]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760">Habitus : pohon, <span _mstdst="5_13:17" _mstsrc="5_7:12" id="Dst[5][7:12:13:17]">semak</span>, <span _mstdst="5_20:25" _mstsrc="5_15:19" id="Dst[5][15:19:20:25]">herba</span><span _mstdst="5_26:26" _mstsrc="5_20:20" id="Dst[5][20:20:26:26]">;</span> <span _mstdst="5_28:31" _mstsrc="5_22:25" id="Dst[5][22:25:28:31]">akar</span> <span _mstdst="5_33:38" _mstsrc="5_27:30" id="Dst[5][27:30:33:38]">dengan</span> <span _mstdst="5_40:43" _mstsrc="5_32:35" id="Dst[5][32:35:40:43]">akar</span> <span _mstdst="5_45:49" _mstsrc="5_37:43" id="Dst[5][37:43:45:49]">nodul</span></span></div>
<div name="div[6]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="6_0:5" _mstsrc="6_0:3" id="Dst[6][0:3:0:5]">Batang</span>: <span _mstdst="6_8:12" _mstsrc="6_6:10" id="Dst[6][6:10:8:12]">tegak</span> <span _mstdst="6_14:17" _mstsrc="6_12:13" id="Dst[6][12:13:14:17]">atau</span> memanjat</span></div>
<div name="div[7]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="7_0:3" _mstsrc="7_0:5" id="Dst[7][0:5:0:3]">Daun</span>: tersebar, berupa daun majemuk menyirip <span _mstdst="7_36:39" _mstsrc="7_38:39" id="Dst[7][38:39:36:39]">atau</span> tunggal<span _mstdst="7_50:50" _mstsrc="7_47:47" id="Dst[7][47:47:50:50]">;</span> pada dasar <span _mstdst="7_52:55" _mstsrc="7_49:52" id="Dst[7][49:52:52:55]">daun</span> terdapat pulvinus (<em>pulvinate</em>)<span _mstdst="7_72:72" _mstsrc="7_69:69" id="Dst[7][69:69:72:72]">;</span> pertulangan daun menyirip.</span></div>
<div name="div[7]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhajUH-0NKqrVl1DoS1u5p0MGJUqhbpQz8AY06bPUqilDmxs7MJ0ryTn8P26NemQdd329ydmayRnpoYNHYZWslrXblL_Q_jKuUwZFIDHP0bFSrBHby8ISU1AZ2bD2joaA_dHo3j43UijFuP/s1600/Gambar+1.1+Pisum+sativum.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhajUH-0NKqrVl1DoS1u5p0MGJUqhbpQz8AY06bPUqilDmxs7MJ0ryTn8P26NemQdd329ydmayRnpoYNHYZWslrXblL_Q_jKuUwZFIDHP0bFSrBHby8ISU1AZ2bD2joaA_dHo3j43UijFuP/s1600/Gambar+1.1+Pisum+sativum.jpg.png" height="133" width="320" /></a> </div>
<div name="div[7]">
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Gambar 22. Tumbuhan <em>Pisum sativum</em> (kacang): (a) ranting (b) bunga (c) kelopak (d) organ reproduksi (e) penampang memanjang carpel (f) diagram bagian bunga (Anand, 2010)</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id"><strong>Karakter bunga</strong></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Perbungaan: <em>racemose</em></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Bunga: biseksual, <em>zygomorphic</em></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Kelopak: sepal lima, <em>gamosepalous</em>; </span><span lang="id"><em>imbricate aestivation</em></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Corolla: petal lima, <em>polypetalous</em>, <em>papilionaceous</em>, terdiri dari bendera di bagian posterior, terdapat dua sayap di bagian lateral, dua yang anterior membentuk lunas(menutupi benang sari dan putik), <em>vexillary aestivation</em></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Androecium: sepuluh, <em>diadelphous</em>, <em>anthera </em> terdiri dari dua lobus yang dihubungkan oleh jaringan <em>connective</em> (<em>dithecous</em>)<em>.</em></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Putik: ovarium menumpang, terdiri dari satu daun buah (<em>mono carpellary</em>), satu ruang buah (<em>unilocular</em>) dengan banyak ovul, stilus tunggal.</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Buah: polong-polongan; </span><span lang="id">biji: satu sampai banyak, <em>non-endospermic</em></span></span><br />
Rumus bunga:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhH7DygJrOhWhETkikDHM38VUHZKjYJGVyTXOAnyuQWOeTWdWW9G5U98l4Rl5QAc2B3ifKl36DEnGPK7da53GXCeZKXgy5oweF3N2ViKsX0Wd8j9OTZwp0stki2XN_yODurRIASKqqmII8/s1600/Gambar+1.1a+FF+Pisum+sativum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhH7DygJrOhWhETkikDHM38VUHZKjYJGVyTXOAnyuQWOeTWdWW9G5U98l4Rl5QAc2B3ifKl36DEnGPK7da53GXCeZKXgy5oweF3N2ViKsX0Wd8j9OTZwp0stki2XN_yODurRIASKqqmII8/s400/Gambar+1.1a+FF+Pisum+sativum.jpg" height="38" width="400" /></a> </div>
</div>
<div class="force_dir" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Nilai ekonomi: banyak tanaman milik familia ini yang penting, seperti untuk sumber makanan berupa kacang-kacangan (kacang hijau. kacang tanah. kacang merah, kacang kedelai); minyak goreng (kacang kedelai, kacang tanah); pewarna (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera" title="Indigofera">Indigofera</a></i>, ); serat (<em>sunhemp</em>); <span class="hps">pakan ternak</span> <span class="hps atn">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbania" title="Sesbania"><em>Sesbania</em></a></span>, kacang kedelai); tanaman hias (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin" title="Lupin">lupin</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburnum" title="Laburnum">Laburnum</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinia" title="Robinia">Robinia</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleditsia" title="Gleditsia">Gleditsia</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa" title="Mimosa">Mimosa</a></i>, dan <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delonix" title="Delonix">Delonix</a></i>); obat (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>.).</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id"><strong>9.2 Solanaceae</strong></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Solanaceae ini termasuk familia yang besar, sering disebut sebagai 'familia kentang'. </span><span lang="id">Secara luas didistribusikan di daerah tropis, subtropics dan bahkan zona beriklim sedang (gambar 23).</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id"><strong>Karakter vegetatif</strong></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Habitus: herba, semak-semak dan pohon kecil.</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Batang: basah jarang berkayu, <em>aerial</em>; </span><span lang="id">tegak, bentuk bulat, silinder, bercabang, padat atau berongga, berbulu atau gundul, batang bawah tanah terdapat pada kentang (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em>)</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Daun: bergantian, tunggal, jarang yang berdaun majemuk menyirip, tidak memiliki stipula (<em>exstipulate</em>); pertulangan daun menyirip.</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id"><strong>Karakter bunga</strong> </span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Perbungaan: tunggal (<em>soliter</em>), aksilaris atau berupa perbungaan <em>cymose</em> seperti <em>Solanum</em></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Bunga: biseksual, <em>actinomorphic</em></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Kelopak: sepal lima bergabung, keras, <em>valvate aestivation</em>; Corolla: petal ada lima bergabung, </span><span lang="id"><em>valvate aestivation</em>; Androecium: Benang sari lima, <em>epipetalous</em></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Putik: terdiri dari dua carpel (<em>bicarpellary</em>), dengan karpel menyatu (<em>syncarpous</em>); </span><span lang="id">ovarium unggul, terdiri dari dua ruangan (<em>bilocular</em>), plasenta berdaging dengan banyak Ovul.</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Buah-buahan: buni berdaging</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Biji: banyak, memiliki endosperm (<em>endospermous</em>)</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Rumus bunga: </span></span><br />
</div>
<div class="force_dir">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW3A6d0Rm-JOs906ZTneV-KV_u_pQBwVjCIWQbzCdg8k_YDyrhzm34ykSCnMYgt2B0I8VJ8335BOL1VcSnNg8loWcoDzPvAxUTTkrdWCNQ6hdmdwoEToUQ7ueQ-VmCwa6Cq0v618I0-J0r/s1600/Gambar+1.2a+FF+Solanum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW3A6d0Rm-JOs906ZTneV-KV_u_pQBwVjCIWQbzCdg8k_YDyrhzm34ykSCnMYgt2B0I8VJ8335BOL1VcSnNg8loWcoDzPvAxUTTkrdWCNQ6hdmdwoEToUQ7ueQ-VmCwa6Cq0v618I0-J0r/s400/Gambar+1.2a+FF+Solanum.jpg" height="37" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center">
</div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span lang="id">Nilai ekonomi: Banyak tanaman dari familia Solanaceae merupakan sumber makanan (tomat, terong, kentang), rempah-rempah (cabe); </span><span lang="id">Kesehatan (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna"><em>Atropa belladonna</em></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withania_somnifera" title="Withania somnifera"><em>Withania somnifera</em></a> <small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_F%C3%A9lix_Dunal" title="Michel Félix Dunal">Dunal</a></small>); rokok/</span><span lang="id"><em>fumigatory</em> (tembakau); </span><span lang="id">tanaman hias (petunia).</span></span></div>
</div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg26xF8r1BjqcZnYXJ6se4x2a8JdtaB5LFeOxMAE5KBl9RPROKQ83NHJMk6NdCiL8q24jlJX2TU7glQaUiwJ9HOXogpCkffh-MJzO-GuhG1ijecmm6zWhJivX2A8hTYMFB0NSfAtnZBxNmw/s1600/Gambar+1.2+Solanum.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg26xF8r1BjqcZnYXJ6se4x2a8JdtaB5LFeOxMAE5KBl9RPROKQ83NHJMk6NdCiL8q24jlJX2TU7glQaUiwJ9HOXogpCkffh-MJzO-GuhG1ijecmm6zWhJivX2A8hTYMFB0NSfAtnZBxNmw/s1600/Gambar+1.2+Solanum.jpg.png" height="193" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKM0GJndG0pxBRSjjUpPzHk_DXx2orLV3zHs54mPS8zW7KEffFtQNvHlZpxos6LTLjr4XAYW-HU6F2U0Nc9roagaPn6qXaHs3vGc1DudU0GTvAwlzn7gjjFfGsp6Otj7PQ7FWnTg_M41se/s1600/Gambar+5.22+Solanum+nigrum.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></span> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div name="div[2]">
<div name="div[0]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="0_0:5" _mstsrc="0_0:5" id="Dst[0][0:5:0:5]">Gambar</span> <span _mstdst="0_7:10" _mstsrc="0_7:10" id="Dst[0][7:10:7:10]">23.</span> Tumbuhan <em><span _mstdst="0_12:18" _mstsrc="0_12:18" id="Dst[0][12:18:12:18]">Solanum</span> </em><span _mstdst="0_20:25" _mstsrc="0_20:25" id="Dst[0][20:25:20:25]"><em>nigrum</em> (Ranti atau leunca)</span><span _mstdst="0_27:33" _mstsrc="0_27:33" id="Dst[0][27:33:27:33]">:</span> (a) R<span _mstdst="0_44:50" _mstsrc="0_57:60" id="Dst[0][57:60:44:50]">anting</span> p<span _mstdst="0_52:59" _mstsrc="0_47:55" id="Dst[0][47:55:52:59]">erbungaan,</span> <span _mstdst="0_65:67" _mstsrc="0_62:64" id="Dst[0][62:64:65:67]">(b) B</span><span _mstdst="0_69:73" _mstsrc="0_66:71" id="Dst[0][66:71:69:73]">unga,</span> <span _mstdst="0_75:77" _mstsrc="0_73:75" id="Dst[0][73:75:75:77]">(c)</span> <span _mstdst="0_79:82" _mstsrc="0_77:80" id="Dst[0][77:80:79:82]"><em>L.S.</em></span> B<span _mstdst="0_84:88" _mstsrc="0_85:90" id="Dst[0][85:90:84:88]">unga,</span> <span _mstdst="0_90:92" _mstsrc="0_92:94" id="Dst[0][92:94:90:92]">(d)</span> B<span _mstdst="0_94:104" _mstsrc="0_96:102" id="Dst[0][96:102:94:104]">enang sari,</span> <span _mstdst="0_106:108" _mstsrc="0_104:106" id="Dst[0][104:106:106:108]">(e)</span> <span _mstdst="0_110:115" _mstsrc="0_108:113" id="Dst[0][108:113:110:115]">Carpel,</span> <span _mstdst="0_117:119" _mstsrc="0_115:117" id="Dst[0][115:117:117:119]">(f)</span> Diagram <span _mstdst="0_121:125" _mstsrc="0_119:124" id="Dst[0][119:124:121:125]">bunga (Anand, 2010)</span></span></div>
<br />
<div name="div[1]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><strong><span _mstdst="1_0:4" _mstsrc="1_0:4" id="Dst[1][0:4:0:4]">9.3</span> <span _mstdst="1_6:14" _mstsrc="1_6:14" id="Dst[1][6:14:6:14]">Liliaceae</span></strong></span></div>
<br />
<div name="div[2]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="2_0:5" _mstsrc="2_0:7" id="Dst[2][0:7:0:5]">Sering</span> <span _mstdst="2_7:13" _mstsrc="2_9:14" id="Dst[2][9:14:7:13]">disebut</span> <span _mstdst="2_15:23" _mstsrc="2_26:31" id="Dst[2][26:31:15:23]">'Familia</span> <span _mstdst="2_25:29" _mstsrc="2_20:24" id="Dst[2][20:24:25:29]">Lily'</span> <span _mstdst="2_31:36" _mstsrc="2_34:35" id="Dst[2][34:35:31:36]">adalah</span> <span _mstdst="2_38:42" _mstsrc="2_54:67" id="Dst[2][54:67:38:42]">wakil</span> <span _mstdst="2_44:56" _mstsrc="2_39:52" id="Dst[2][39:52:44:56]">karakteristik</span> <span _mstdst="2_58:64" _mstsrc="2_89:94" id="Dst[2][89:94:58:64]">tanaman</span> <span _mstdst="2_66:74" _mstsrc="2_72:87" id="Dst[2][72:87:66:74]">monokotil</span>. Tanaman ini didistribusikan ke <span _mstdst="2_88:94" _mstsrc="2_121:124" id="Dst[2][121:124:88:94]">seluruh</span> <span _mstdst="2_96:100" _mstsrc="2_115:119" id="Dst[2][115:119:96:100]">dunia</span> <span _mstdst="2_118:124" _mstsrc="2_126:132" id="Dst[2][126:132:118:124]">(gambar</span> <span _mstdst="2_126:131" _mstsrc="2_134:139" id="Dst[2][134:139:126:131]">24).</span></span></div>
<br />
<div name="div[3]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="3_0:8" _mstsrc="3_0:9" id="Dst[3][0:9:0:8]"><strong>Karakter vegetatif</strong></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760">Habitus: <span _mstdst="3_20:27" _mstsrc="3_33:37" id="Dst[3][33:37:20:27]">tumbuhan</span> <span _mstdst="3_29:34" _mstsrc="3_39:42" id="Dst[3][39:42:29:34]">dengan</span> <span _mstdst="3_36:46" _mstsrc="3_44:54" id="Dst[3][44:54:36:46]">bawah tanah</span> <span _mstdst="3_48:66" _mstsrc="3_56:75" id="Dst[3][56:75:48:66]">lampu/mulai/rimpang</span></span></div>
<div name="div[4]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="4_0:3" _mstsrc="4_0:5" id="Dst[4][0:5:0:3]">Daun</span> <span _mstdst="4_5:18" _mstsrc="4_7:12" id="Dst[4][7:12:5:18]">sebagian besar</span> <span _mstdst="4_20:24" _mstsrc="4_14:18" id="Dst[4][14:18:20:24]">basal</span>, <span _mstdst="4_27:36" _mstsrc="4_21:29" id="Dst[4][21:29:27:36]">alternatif</span>, <span _mstdst="4_39:44" _mstsrc="4_32:37" id="Dst[4][32:37:39:44]">linier</span>, <span _mstdst="4_47:57" _mstsrc="4_40:50" id="Dst[4][40:50:47:57]">exstipulate</span> <span _mstdst="4_59:64" _mstsrc="4_52:55" id="Dst[4][52:55:59:64]">dengan</span> <span _mstdst="4_66:73" _mstsrc="4_66:73" id="Dst[4][66:73:66:73]">venation</span> <span _mstdst="4_75:81" _mstsrc="4_57:64" id="Dst[4][57:64:75:81]">parallel</span></span></div>
<div name="div[5]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="5_0:4" _mstsrc="5_0:5" id="Dst[5][0:5:0:4]"></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="5_0:4" _mstsrc="5_0:5"><strong>Karakter bunga</strong></span> </span></div>
<div name="div[6]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="6_0:9" _mstsrc="6_0:12" id="Dst[6][0:12:0:9]">Perbungaan</span>: tunggal (<em>soliter</em>), aksilaris atau berupa perbungaan <em>cymose</em><span _mstdst="6_28:28" _mstsrc="6_32:32" id="Dst[6][32:32:28:28]">;</span> perbungaan berbentuk payung (<span _mstdst="6_45:53" _mstsrc="6_40:48" id="Dst[6][40:48:45:53]"><em>umbellate</em>)</span></span></div>
<div name="div[7]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="7_0:4" _mstsrc="7_0:5" id="Dst[7][0:5:0:4]">Bunga</span>: <span _mstdst="7_7:15" _mstsrc="7_8:15" id="Dst[7][8:15:7:15]">biseksual</span><span _mstdst="7_16:16" _mstsrc="7_16:16" id="Dst[7][16:16:16:16]">;</span> <span _mstdst="7_18:30" _mstsrc="7_18:30" id="Dst[7][18:30:18:30]"><em>actinomorphic</em></span></span></div>
<div name="div[8]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="8_0:10" _mstsrc="8_9:13" id="Dst[8][9:13:0:10]">Tenda bunga: </span> <span _mstdst="8_12:19" _mstsrc="8_0:7" id="Dst[8][0:7:12:19]">perianth</span> <span _mstdst="8_21:24" _mstsrc="8_15:17" id="Dst[8][15:17:21:24]">enam</span> <span _mstdst="8_26:33" _mstsrc="8_19:24" id="Dst[8][19:24:26:33]">(3 + 3),</span> <span _mstdst="8_35:40" _mstsrc="8_26:30" id="Dst[8][26:30:35:40]">sering</span> <span _mstdst="8_42:50" _mstsrc="8_32:37" id="Dst[8][32:37:42:50]">disatukan</span> <span _mstdst="8_52:59" _mstsrc="8_39:42" id="Dst[8][39:42:52:59]">ke dalam</span> <span _mstdst="8_61:66" _mstsrc="8_44:47" id="Dst[8][44:47:61:66]">tabung</span><span _mstdst="8_67:67" _mstsrc="8_48:48" id="Dst[8][48:48:67:67]">;</span> <em><span _mstdst="8_69:75" _mstsrc="8_50:56" id="Dst[8][50:56:69:75]">valvate</span> <span _mstdst="8_77:87" _mstsrc="8_58:68" id="Dst[8][58:68:77:87]">aestivation</span></em></span></div>
<div name="div[9]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="9_0:9" _mstsrc="9_0:9" id="Dst[9][0:9:0:9]">Androecium</span>: <span _mstdst="9_12:22" _mstsrc="9_12:17" id="Dst[9][12:17:12:22]">Benang sari</span> <span _mstdst="9_24:27" _mstsrc="9_19:21" id="Dst[9][19:21:24:27]">enam</span>, <span _mstdst="9_30:36" _mstsrc="9_24:28" id="Dst[9][24:28:30:36]">(3 + 3)</span></span></div>
<div name="div[10]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="10_0:4" _mstsrc="10_0:8" id="Dst[10][0:8:0:4]">Putik</span>: <span _mstdst="10_7:19" _mstsrc="10_11:23" id="Dst[10][11:23:7:19]">tricarpellary</span>, <span _mstdst="10_22:31" _mstsrc="10_26:35" id="Dst[10][26:35:22:31]">syncarpous</span>, <span _mstdst="10_34:40" _mstsrc="10_38:42" id="Dst[10][38:42:34:40]">ovarium</span> <span _mstdst="10_42:49" _mstsrc="10_44:51" id="Dst[10][44:51:42:49]">superior</span>, <span _mstdst="10_52:61" _mstsrc="10_54:63" id="Dst[10][54:63:52:61]"><em>trilocular</em></span> <span _mstdst="10_63:68" _mstsrc="10_65:68" id="Dst[10][65:68:63:68]">dengan</span> <span _mstdst="10_70:75" _mstsrc="10_70:73" id="Dst[10][70:73:70:75]">banyak</span> <span _mstdst="10_77:81" _mstsrc="10_75:80" id="Dst[10][75:80:77:81]">Ovul</span><span _mstdst="10_82:82" _mstsrc="10_81:81" id="Dst[10][81:81:82:82]">;</span> <em><span _mstdst="10_84:88" _mstsrc="10_83:87" id="Dst[10][83:87:84:88]">axile</span> </em><span _mstdst="10_90:101" _mstsrc="10_89:100" id="Dst[10][89:100:90:101]"><em>placentation</em>.</span></span></div>
<div name="div[11]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="11_0:3" _mstsrc="11_0:4" id="Dst[11][0:4:0:3]">Buah</span>: <span _mstdst="11_6:11" _mstsrc="11_7:13" id="Dst[11][7:13:6:11]">kapsul</span>, <span _mstdst="11_14:19" _mstsrc="11_16:21" id="Dst[11][16:21:14:19]">jarang</span> <span _mstdst="11_21:25" _mstsrc="11_23:27" id="Dst[11][23:27:21:25]">buni.</span></span></div>
<div name="div[12]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="12_0:4" _mstsrc="12_0:3" id="Dst[12][0:3:0:4]">Biji</span>: memiliki endosperm (<span _mstdst="12_7:18" _mstsrc="12_6:17" id="Dst[12][6:17:7:18]"><em>endospermous</em>)</span></span></div>
<div name="div[13]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="13_6:12" _mstsrc="13_7:13" id="Dst[13][7:13:6:12]">Rumus bunga</span>: </span><br />
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMogPuaaKqhv3EBphsk7XYHqEY0tNhQSD_NW7iOULiGVdxDX3L8m910TEsEueS_pTiyLCIQ22rE5nlYNa_6AZOoSAG707ysiXtAh6eNQcvkkBrP2_KSdcw_bk9sfvLhNubUqhWU6najLXy/s1600/Gambar+1,3a+FF+Allium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMogPuaaKqhv3EBphsk7XYHqEY0tNhQSD_NW7iOULiGVdxDX3L8m910TEsEueS_pTiyLCIQ22rE5nlYNa_6AZOoSAG707ysiXtAh6eNQcvkkBrP2_KSdcw_bk9sfvLhNubUqhWU6najLXy/s400/Gambar+1,3a+FF+Allium.jpg" height="38" width="400" /></a></div>
<div name="div[14]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_0:6" _mstsrc="14_0:7" id="Dst[14][0:7:0:6]">Nilai ekonomi</span>: <span _mstdst="14_17:22" _mstsrc="14_21:24" id="Dst[14][21:24:17:22]">Banyak tumbuhan </span>familia Liliaceae ini <span _mstdst="14_51:54" _mstsrc="14_58:60" id="Dst[14][58:60:51:54]">yang</span> <span _mstdst="14_56:59" _mstsrc="14_62:65" id="Dst[14][62:65:56:59]">baik</span> untuk <span _mstdst="14_61:72" _mstsrc="14_67:77" id="Dst[14][67:77:61:72]">tanaman hias</span> <span _mstdst="14_74:80" _mstsrc="14_79:85" id="Dst[14][79:85:74:80]">(tulip,</span> <span _mstdst="14_82:91" _mstsrc="14_87:96" id="Dst[14][87:96:82:91]">Gloriosa, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum" title="Lilium longiflorum"><em>Lilium longiflorum</em></a>),</span> k<span _mstdst="14_100:109" _mstsrc="14_108:115" id="Dst[14][108:115:100:109]">esehatan</span> <span _mstdst="14_111:118" _mstsrc="14_117:123" id="Dst[14][117:123:111:118]">(lidah buaya, <em>Colchicum autumnale</em> yang mengandung <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicine" title="Colchicine">colchicine</a>),</span> <span _mstdst="14_120:126" _mstsrc="14_125:134" id="Dst[14][125:134:120:126]">sayuran</span> <span _mstdst="14_128:138" _mstsrc="14_136:147" id="Dst[14][136:147:128:138]">(Allium, Asparagus)</span><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185" id="Dst[14][175:185:166:176]">.</span></span></div>
<div name="div[14]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"></span> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiUJRQR8m5BA2_ow1S_uvF-VQUbveruYIERhCWwBQ_pmTN96-JHq5nLM8Q8WUN_vyop2EEUnub5Po7hQ_ALyYAjCuDBFREAn_2CoeIys1l5js5PWvgdMhHrsNTG4OQj1LExaqMVx6Lwl4H/s1600/Gambar+1.3+Allium.jpg.png" height="197" width="320" /></span> </div>
</div>
<div name="div[14]">
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">Gambar 24. Tumbuhan <em>Allium cepa</em> (bawang): (a) Tanaman (b) Perbungaan (c) Bunga (d) Diagram bunga (Anand, 2010)</span></span></span></div>
<div name="div[14]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"></span> </span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"><strong>Ringkasan</strong></span></span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">
</span></span><br />
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">Tumbuhan berbunga menunjukkan variasi yang besar dalam bentuk, ukuran, struktur, gizi, rentang hidup, kebiasaan dan habitat. Tumbuhan </span><span lang="id">juga telah mengembangkan sistem akar dan sistem pucuk. </span><span lang="id">Sistem akar terdiri dari siatem akar tunggang dan akar serabut. </span><span lang="id">Umumnya, tanaman dikotil memiliki akar tunggang sementara tanaman monokotil memiliki akar serabut. </span><span lang="id">Akar di beberapa tanaman dapat dimodifikasi untuk penyimpanan makanan, mendukung kekuatan mekanis dan respirasi. </span><span lang="id">Sistem pucuk dibedakan menjadi batang, daun, bunga dan buah. Ciri</span><span lang="id"> morfologi batang seperti adanya buku dan ruas, rambut multiseluler dan sifat <em>phototropic</em> positif membantu untuk membedakan batang dari akar. </span><span lang="id">Batang juga dapat dimodifikasi untuk melakukan berbagai fungsi seperti menyimpan cadangan makanan, perbanyakan vegetatif dan perlindungan di bawah kondisi yang tidak menguntungkan. </span><span lang="id">Daun adalah hasil perkembangan lateral bagian luar dari batang (<em>exogeneously</em>) pada buku. Daun berwarna</span><span lang="id"> hijau untuk melakukan fungsi fotosintesis. Penampakan d</span><span lang="id">aun ditandai dengan variasi dalam bentuk, ukuran, margin, <em>apex</em> dan ketebalan helai daun. </span><span lang="id">Seperti bagian lain dari tanaman, daun juga dapat dimodifikasi ke dalam struktur lainnya seperti sulur, duri untuk pendakian dan perlindungan.</span></span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">
</span></span><br />
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">Bunga adalah pucuk yang dimodifikasi, untuk fungsi reproduksi seksual. </span><span lang="id">Bunga-bunga diatur dalam berbagai jenis perbungaan. Bunga</span><span lang="id"> menunjukkan variasi besar dalam struktur, simetri, posisi ovarium dalam kaitannya dengan bagian lain, pengaturan kelopak, corolla, anthera, ovul dll. </span><span lang="id">Setelah pembuahan, ovarium diubah menjadi buah-buahan dan ovul berubah menjadi biji. </span><span lang="id">Biji dapat berupa monokotil atau dikotil. Biji</span><span lang="id"> bervariasi dalam bentuk, ukuran dan masa kelangsungan hidup. </span><span lang="id">Karakteristik bunga membentuk dasar dari klasifikasi dan identifikasi tumbuhan berbunga. </span><span lang="id">Hal ini dapat diilustrasikan melalui deskripsi familia pada tumbuhan secara semi-teknik. </span><span lang="id">Oleh karena itu, tanaman berbunga yang digambarkan dalam urutan tertentu menggunakan istilah-istilah ilmiah. Ciri-ciri</span><span lang="id"> bunga direpresentasikan dalam bentuk yang diringkas sebagai diagram bunga dan rumus bunga.</span></span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">
</span></span><br />
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><strong>Daftar Pustaka</strong></span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">
</span></span><br />
<div name="div[14]" style="text-align: left;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anand, S. 2010.<em> Morphology of flowering plants</em>. <a href="http://textbook.s-anand.net/ncert/class-11/biology/5-morphology-of-flowering-plants">http://textbook.s-anand.net/ncert/class-11/biology/5-morphology-of-flowering-plants</a></span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"></span></span><span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 23 Mei 2013. <em>Caesalpinia pulcherrima. </em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassia_occidentalis"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesalpinia_pulcherrima">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesalpinia_pulcherrima</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 23 Mei 2013. <em>Cassia occidentalis. </em><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassia_occidentalis">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassia_occidentalis</a></span></span><br />
<div name="div[14]" style="text-align: left;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 23 Mei 2013. <em>Ercis</em>. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercis">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercis</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 18 Mei 2013. <em>Cocor bebek. </em><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocor_bebek">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocor_bebek</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 18 Mei 2013. <em>Insektisida</em>. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantong_semar"></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insektisida">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insektisida</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 23 Mei 2013. Datura. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 18 Mei 2013. <em>Kantong semar</em>. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantong_semar">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantong_semar</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 18 Mei 2013. <em>Kayu apu</em>. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu_apu">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu_apu</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 25 Mei 2013. <em>Kembang telang. </em><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembang_telang">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembang_telang</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 18 Mei 2013.<em> Land Plants, Evolution and Diversity</em>. <a href="http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls/PlantEvol.html">http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls/PlantEvol.html</a></span></span></div>
<div name="div[14]" style="text-align: left;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 25 Mei 2013. <em>Lilium longiflorum</em>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 18 Mei 2013. <em>Mimba. </em><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimba">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimba</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 18 Mei 2013. <em>Monstera, Family Araceae. </em></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><a href="http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/generalbotany/typesofroots/a1373tx.html">http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/generalbotany/typesofroots/a1373tx.html</a></span></span></div>
<div name="div[14]" style="text-align: left;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 28 Mei 2013. <em>Morphology of flowering plants</em>. <a href="http://www.kshitij-pmt.com/Biology/Morphology-of-flowering-plants/flower.aspx">http://www.kshitij-pmt.com/Biology/Morphology-of-flowering-plants/flower.aspx</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 18 Mei 2013. <em>Pulai. </em><a href="http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?id=154">http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?id=154</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 18 Mei 2013. <em>Roots</em>. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, inc. <a href="http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/folder_structure/pl/m2/s4/">http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/folder_structure/pl/m2/s4/</a></span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Anonim. Diakses 23 Mei 2013. <em>Seeds. </em><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.vodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/agr3101_1328518144.ppt">http://www.vodppl.upm.edu.my/uploads/docs/agr3101_1328518144.ppt</a></span></span></span><span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Elena, 2008. <em>Leaf Morphology</em>. <a href="http://blocs.xtec.cat/elenablaysorli/category/biology/">http://blocs.xtec.cat/elenablaysorli/category/biology/</a></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Hidajat. E. B., 1994. <em>Morfologi tumbuhan</em>. Depdikbud, Jakarta.</span></span><br />
<div name="div[14]" style="text-align: left;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Tjitrosoepomo, G. 1988. <em>Morfologi tumbuhan</em>. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.</span></span><br />
Tutor vista. Diakses 26 Mei 2013. Morphology of flowering plants. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzK304kozF8">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzK304kozF8</a></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">
</span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">
</span></span><br />
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: center;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"><strong>SOAL LATIHAN MORFOLOGI TUMBUHAN</strong></span></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><strong></strong></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">N a m a :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">No. Registrasi:</span></span></div>
<div class="WordSection1">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><strong>I. PILIHAN GANDA</strong></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"></span></span></div>
<div class="WordSection1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Petunjuk: Pilihlah jawaban yang paling tepat dengan cara memberi tanda silang pada pilihan jawaban anda</span></span></div>
<div class="WordSection1" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">1. Urutkan zona penampang memanjang akar dari bawah ke atas dengan benar!</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">A. zona rambut akar </span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">B. zona meristem</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">C. zona tudung akar</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">D. zona pematangan</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">E. zona elongasi</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">Pilihan:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">a. C, B, E, A, D</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">b. A, B, C, D, E</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">c. D, E, A, C, B</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">d. E, D, C, B, A</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">e. B, A, C, D, E</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><u>Jawab</u>: a</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"></span> </span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">2. Bagian buah kelapa yang matang dan dapat digunakan untuk membuat tambang dan keset ialah ...</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">a. <span _mstdst="1_150:157" _mstsrc="1_150:157" id="Dst[1][150:157:150:157]">pericarp</span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">b. <span _mstdst="1_182:188" _mstsrc="1_201:207" id="Dst[1][201:207:182:188]"><em>epicarp</em></span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">c. endosperm</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">d. <em>mesocarp</em> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">e. <span _mstdst="1_237:244" _mstsrc="1_266:273" id="Dst[1][266:273:237:244]"><em>endocarp</em></span> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><u>Jawab</u>: d</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"></span> </span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">3. Biji yang matang seperti pada kacang polong, tidak memiliki </span><span lang="id">endosperm, karena</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">a. tanaman ini mengandung inti polar </span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">b. tidak terdapat pembuahan ganda</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">c. endosperm tidak terbentuk di dalamnya</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">d. endosperm digunakan oleh nuselus</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">e. endosperm digunakan oleh embrio yang berkembang selama perkembangan biji</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">Jawab: e</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"></span> </span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">4. Akar yang berkembang dari bagian tanaman selain dari <em>radicle</em> disebut </span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">a. akar tunggang</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">b. akar serabut</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">c. akar adventif</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">d. bintil akar</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">e. akar <em>pneumatophores</em></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><u>Jawab</u>: c</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"></span> </span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">5. Venasi adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan pola pengaturan dari</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">a. organ bunga</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">b. bunga pada perbungaan</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">c. vena dan veinlets di lamina</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">d. organ buah</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">e. semua benar</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><u>Jawab</u>: c</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"></span> </span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">6. Endosperm, adalah hasil pembuahan ganda yang tidak terdapat dalam biji ...</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">a. padi</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">b. anggrek</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">c. jagung</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">d. jarak</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">e. kelapa</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><u>Jawab</u>: b</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"></span> </span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">7. Kacang-kacangan yang sehari-hari digunakan, termasuk familia ...</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">a. Solanaceae</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">b. Fabaceae</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">c. Liliaceae</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">d. Poceae</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">e. Asteraceae</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><u>Jawab</u>: b</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"></span> </span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">8. <span lang="id">P</span><span lang="id">lasentasi <em>parietalis</em>, terdapat pada tumbuhan ... </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">a. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primula_vulgaris" title="Primula vulgaris"><em>Primula vulgaris</em></a> (Primrose)</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">b. bunga tahi kotok (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagetes_erecta" title="Tagetes erecta">Tagetes erecta</a></i>).</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">c. sawi (<em>Brassica</em> sp.)</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">d. jeruk (<em>Citrus</em> sp.)</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">e. kacang hijau (<em>Vigna radiata</em> (L.) Wilckzec.)</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><u>Jawab</u>: c</span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">
</span></span></span><br />
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"><span lang="id">9. B</span><span lang="id">enang sari dapat saling berlekatan pada satu berkas (bundel) disebut <em>monoadelphous</em> seperti yang terdapat pada bunga ... </span></span></span></span></div>
<div name="div[2]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">a. terong</span></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">b. <em>Lilium longiflorum</em> Thunb.</span></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">c. Salvia</span></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">d. <em>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</em> (Cina rose)</span></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">e. kacang kedelai </span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id"><u>Jawab</u>: d</span></span></span><span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">10. Pilihlah pasangan yang benar pada pernyataan Grup A dan B berikut ini:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">Grup A Grup B</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">A. Lapisan aleurone i. Tanpa penyerbukan</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">B. Buah <em>parthenocarpic </em> ii. </span><span lang="id">Nutrisi</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">C. Ovul iii. </span><span lang="id">Pembuahan ganda</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">D. Endosperm iv. </span><span lang="id">Biji</span></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"> </span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">Pilihan:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">a. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">b. A-iii, B-I, C-ii, D-iv</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">c. A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">d. A-iv, B-ii, C-i, D-iii</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">e. A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><u>Jawab</u>: c</span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]" style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"> </span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>II. ESSAY</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Petunjuk: Jawablah pertanyaan di bawah ini dengan tepat!</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Jelaskan <span lang="id">modifikasi dari akar, batang dan daun serta berikan contohnya!</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">2. Apa perbedaan daun majemuk menyirip dengan menjari, berikan contohnya!</span></span></span></div>
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]">
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">3. Apa perbedaan perbungaan <em>Racemose</em> dan <em>cymose</em> serta berikan contohnya!</span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">4. Buat diagram bunga dan rumus bunga kembang telang (<em>Clitoria ternatea</em> L.)!</span></span></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"></span></span><span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"><span lang="id">5. Buat diagram bunga dan rumus bunga <em>Lilium longiflorum</em> Thunb.!</span></span></span><br />
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"></span></span><br /></div>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
</span><span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185"> </span></span><br /></div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760"><span _mstdst="14_166:176" _mstsrc="14_175:185">
</span></span><br />
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]">
</div>
<span _mstdst="5_723:739" _mstsrc="5_744:760">
<br />
</span><br />
<div class="force_dir" name="div[14]">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
Ratna Dewi Wulaningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544060422743888803noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8072369109419754113.post-47297790259086355682010-02-27T09:49:00.000-08:002020-05-18T23:35:16.945-07:00ILMU ALAMIAH DASARI. ALAM PIKIRAN MANUSIA DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA<br />
<br />
A. HAKIKAT MANUSIA DAN SIFAT KEINGINTAHUANNYA<br />
<br />
Pada hakikatnya manusia adalah makhluk sosial yang berfikir, bertanya tentang siapa, apa, mengapa, bagaimana, kapan, dimana mengenai peristiwa yang terjadi di alam semesta. <br />
<br />
B. PERKEMBANGAN FISIK MANUSIA<br />
Manusia berasal dari sel telur ibu (haploid) dibuahi oleh sel sperma ayah (haploid) membentuk embrio (diploid). Satu sel embrio membelah diri menjadi banyak sel dan jaringan serta melakukan diferensiasi membentuk organ, berkembang membentuk organisme manusia. Lahirlah bayi manusia dari rahim ibu, yang berkembang menjadi anak, remaja kemudian dewasa. <br />
<br />
C. PERKEMBANGAN SIFAT DAN PIKIRAN MANUSIA<br />
<br />
Saat bayi manusia hanya bisa tidur dan menangis bila haus dan lapar atau merasa tubuhnya tidak nyaman. Namun rasa ingin tahunya sudah muncul sejak bayi dimulai dari sesuatu yang disentuh. Masa anak-anak manusia sudah bisa berbicara, berhitung, membaca dan menulis. Masa remaja manusia mulai mengalami pubertas dimulai dengan perubahan pada fisik tubuhnya, perempuan mulai menstruasi, dan laki-laki mulai berubah suaranya menjadi lebih besar, tumbuh kumis dan janggut hingga sifatnya yang mulai memperhatikan lawan jenis. Pada masa dewasa, manusia sudah stabil dan menerima keadaan dirinya, sehingga bisa melakukan pekerjaan dan menikah. <br />
<br />
D. SEJARAH PENGETAHUAN YANG DIPEROLEH MANUSIA<br />
<br />
Manusia belajar dari manusia sebelumnya. Semula manusia memperoleh pengetahuan dengan intuisi, misalnya munculnya lalat dari sampah. Kemudian manusia mendapat pengetahuan melalui mitos, yaitu pelangi adalah selendang bidadari. <br />
kemudian manusia mendapat pengetahuan dengan mencoba, seperti memperbanyak tanaman dengan biji, sehingga muncullah pertanian.<br />
<br />
II. PERKEMBANGAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN IPA<br />
<br />
A. METODE ILMIAH SEBAGAI DASAR IPA<br />
Metode ilmiah dimulai dari permasalahan tentang alam sekitar, yang diajukan dengan pertanyaan atau pernyataan. Selanjutnya manusia mulai berhipotesa, yaitu merupakan jawaban sementara dari masalah yang ditanyakan. Kemudian manusia melakukan penyelidikan apakah hipotesisnya benar atau salah. Setelah itu manusia menyimpulkan berdasarkan hasil pengujian hipotesis.<br />
<br />
B. EMPAT SYARAT PENGETAHUAN ILMIAH<br />
Pengetahuan ilmiah harus obyektif, memiliki metoda yang jelas, sistematis, dan berlaku umum atau universal.<br />
<br />
C. OPERASIONALISASI METODA ILMIAH<br />
Misalnya seseorang sedang mimisan, berdasarkan pengalaman orang lain dan kajian literatur, diduga daun sirih dapat mengobatinya. Kemudian dibuktikan oleh penderita penyakit mimisan dengan menutup lubang hidung yang mimisan dengan gulungan sehelai daun sirih. Hasilnya penderita sembuh. Jadi daun sirih dapat mengobati penyakit mimisan, karena daun sirih menghasilkan minyak atsiri yang berkhasiat obat. <br />
<br />
D. KETERBATASAN DAN KEUNGGULAN METODA ILMIAH<br />
Keterbatasan dari metode ilmiah bersifat relatif, seperti runtuhnya teori geosentris oleh heliosentris. Keunggulannya dapat dilakukan dengan mudah dan cepat. Biasnya untuk penggunaan metode ilmiah yang baik, akan mendapatkan hasil yang sama.<br />
<br />
E. PERKEMBANGAN IPA<br />
<br />
F. RUANG LINGKUP IPA DAN PENGEMBANGANNYA<br />
<br />
III. BUMI DALAM ALAM SEMESTA<br />
A. PEMBENTUKAN ALAM SEMESTA DAN TATA SURYA<br />
B. BUMI SEBAGAI PLANET<br />
C. STRUKTUR BUMI<br />
D. PEMBENTUKAN BENUA DAN SAMUDRA<br />
<br />
IV. KEANEKARAGAMAN MAKHLUK HIDUP DAN PERSEBARANNYA<br />
A. BIOSFER DAN MAKHLUK HIDUP<br />
B. ASAL MULA KEHIDUPAN DI BUMI<br />
C. KEANEKARAGAMAN MAKHLUK HIDUP<br />
D. PERSEBARAN DAN SEJARAH MAKHLUK HIDUP<br />
<br />
V. MAKHLUK HIDUP DALAM EKOSISTEM ALAMI<br />
A. POPULASI DAN KOMUNITAS MAKHLUK HIDUP<br />
B. BERBAGAI BENTUK EKOSISTEM (ALAMI & BUATAN)<br />
C. MACAM-MACAM BENTUK POLA KEHIDUPAN<br />
D. ALIRAN ENERGI & MATERI DALAM EKOSISTEM ALAMI<br />
E. EKOLOGI & LINGKUNGAN<br />
F. MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGANNYA<br />
G. PRINSIP-PRINSIP EKOSISTEM<br />
H. HUBUNGAN ANTARA EKOSISTEM & SOSIAL SISTEM<br />
<br />
VI. SUMBER DAYA ALAM DAN LINGKUNGAN<br />
A. KLASIFIKASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM & LINGKUNGAN<br />
B. KONSEP-KONSEP PENGELOLAAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM<br />
C. MASALAH KEPENDUDUKAN & LINGKUNGAN HIDUP<br />
D. PRINSIP DAN USAHA PELESTARIAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM SERTA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP<br />
<br />
VII. ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM & TEKNOLOGI BAGI KEHIDUPAN MANUSIA<br />
A. IPA SEBAGAI DASAR PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI<br />
B. SEJARAH PERADABAN MANUSIA & PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI<br />
C. MANFAAT DAN DAMPAK IPA SERTA TEKNOLOGI TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN SOSIAL<br />
D. IPA & TEKNOLOGI MASA DEPAN<br />
<br />
VIII. BEBERAPA PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI<br />
A. BIOTEKNOLOGI<br />
B. TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI<br />
C. TEKNOLOGI KELAUTAN LOKAL<br />
<br />
IX. ISU LINGKUNGAN<br />
A. ISU LINGKUNGAN GLOBAL<br />
B. ISU LINGKUNGAN NASIONAL<br />
C. ISU LINGKUNGAN LOKAL<br />
D. STUDI KASUSRatna Dewi Wulaningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544060422743888803noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8072369109419754113.post-28141055957728991002010-02-25T04:47:00.000-08:002010-02-25T04:48:02.409-08:00KEHIDUPANKehidupan manusia bersama sesama manusia dan makhluk lainnya yang harmonis sangatlah penting di muka bumi. Manusia dalam menjalani kehidupannya memerlukan bantuan dari teman-temannya. manusia juga perlu makanan berupa buah-buahan, sayuran dan umbi yang berasal dari tumbuhan. Bukan hanya beraneka tumbuhan yang manusia perlukan sebagai makanan, manusia pun memerlukan makanan yang berasal dari hewan seperti susu dan daging, serta sudah pasti manusia memerlukan air sebagai minuman. Manusia dalam kehidupannya juga memerlukan tanah tempat berpijak dan menetap serta udara yang segar, bebas dari penyakit yang merugikan dan molekul yang berbahaya seperti karbonmonoksida. Keberadaan tumbuhan dan hewan serta air yang sehat juga bersih perlu selalu tersedia setiap saat. Oleh karena itu haruslah kita hati-hati dan sigap serta waspada dengan lingkungan sekitar kita.Ratna Dewi Wulaningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544060422743888803noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8072369109419754113.post-57110399185171865642010-02-20T15:41:00.002-08:002010-02-20T16:24:45.802-08:00PENDIDIKAN DI BIDANG BIOLOGIPendidikan berlangsung seumur hidup, berperan dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan, yang mengakibatkan perubahan sikap dan perilaku seseorang dalam mengarungi kehidupan. Pendidikan dapat berlangsung di dalam ruang kelas, maupun di laboratorium dan di alam semesta. Manusia sebagai makhluk hidup yang cerdas, dapat mengelola alam semesta dengan bijaksana dan bermanfaat bagi kelangsungan hidup jenisnya. Manusia telah menghuni bumi ini beribu tahun dari sebelum masehi sampai saat ini tahun 2010 masehi. Manusia sebagai makhluk hidup tidak berbeda dengan makhluk hidup lainnya yang memiliki protoplasma, bentuk dan ukuran, memerlukan makanan dan air untuk menghasilkan energi, mengalami pertumbuhan dengan menambah jumlah sel tubuhnya,dan tubuhnya berkembang menjadi dewasa, memiliki sistem transportasi yang menyampaikan zat makanan ke bagian tubuh yang memerlukan, peka terhadap rangsangan, bergerak, dapat beradaptasi dengan lingkungan, serta melakukan reproduksi, sehingga menghasilkan keturunan juga mampu melakukan regulasi atau pengaturan agar hidupnya seimbang, serasi dan selaras. Makhluk hidup dapat dibagi ke dalam 5 kingdom (Whittaker, 1969) yaitu Monera (misalnya bakteri yang tidak memiliki membran inti), Protista (misalnya protozoa),Fungi (jamur yang menyerap makanan untuk diuraikan), Plantae (tumbuhan yang dapat menghasilkan makanan sendiri dengan kloroplasnya) dan Animalia (hewan yang menelan makanan dan mencernanya dalam rongga khusus). Pendidikan di bidang biologi penting untuk dicermati, mengingat manusia memiliki kepentingan untuk pelestarian jenisnya di muka bumi ini, dan peranan makhluk lainnya ada juga yang menguntungkan maupun merugikan.Ratna Dewi Wulaningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544060422743888803noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8072369109419754113.post-41325843355521098542010-02-20T15:41:00.001-08:002013-05-16T07:52:12.675-07:00MANUSIAManusia sebagai makhluk beradab dan religius merupakan makhluk hidup yang paling cerdas diantara makhluk lainnya, selalu berusaha untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilannya untuk mendapatkan kualitas kehidupan yang lebih baik. Seperti tempat tinggal, dahulu manusia hidup di gua-gua, kemudian manusia mulai tinggal di rumah yang tidak permanen dengan dinding dan atap dari tumbuhan yang mudah roboh, selanjutnya menempati rumah semi permanen, hingga saat ini di tahun 2010 manusia dapat menetap di apartemen maupun rumah dengan dinding beton yang permanen dan tidak mudah hancur diterpa air maupun angin. Demikian pula dengan pakaian, dahulu manusia hanya memakai cawat, namun sekarang manusia dapat menggunakan pakaian yang lebih baik dan menutup serta melindungi tubuhnya dari cuaca yang tidak menguntungkan. Bersyukurlah kita sebagai manusia dianugerahi kepandaian dan kasih sayang diantara sesama manusia, sehingga kita dapat tercukupi kebutuhannya akan transportasi, komunikasi, maupun kebutuhannya akan makanan yang berasal dari tumbuhan (seperti beras, kentang, gandum, buah-buahan maupun sayuran) dan juga hewan (seperti ikan, ayam, sapi dsb) serta hasil fermentasi mikroorganisme (yoghurt), juga jamur dan hasil fermentasinya berupa roti maupun tape, tempe, tauco, oncom dsb.Ratna Dewi Wulaningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544060422743888803noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8072369109419754113.post-23334106127697924012010-02-20T03:37:00.001-08:002010-02-20T07:20:44.137-08:00PendidikanPendidikan dapat berlangsung seumur hidup dalam interaksi kita sebagai manusia dengan sesama manusia dalam mengamati gejala alam di sekitar, sehingga kita dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan yang akan mempengaruhi sikap kita terhadap sesuatu dan merubah perilaku kita sehari-hari. Misalnya, kita menyadari bahwa ketika mengendarai sepeda motor atau mobil dengan keadaan terbuka jangan sampai merokok, karena abunya yang masih mengandung api dapat diterbangkan angin yang akan merusak pakaian orang lain yang terkena abu rokok yang masih membara tersebut.Ratna Dewi Wulaningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544060422743888803noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8072369109419754113.post-39448886858409596652010-02-20T01:11:00.008-08:002021-03-22T03:02:56.750-07:00TANAMAN<div align="center">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong>PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN PADA TANAMAN</strong></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Oleh:</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Dra. Ratna Dewi Wulaningsih, M. Si.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi FMIPA Universitas
Negeri Jakarta</span></b>
</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kompetensi dasar:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mahasiswa
memahami pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada tanaman.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tujuan perkuliahan:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Setelah
mengikuti perkuliahan ini, mahasiswa diharapkan dapat menjelaskan perihal:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a. p</span></span>ertumbuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b. d</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">iferensiasi, dediferensiasi dan rediferensiasi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c. p</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">erkembangan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d. z</span></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">at pengatur tumbuh
(ZPT)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e. gerak pada tumbuhan</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f. fotoperiodisme</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">g. vernalisasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 13.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">h. bunga, buah dan biji</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Uraian:</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="color: black;"> Tanaman atau tumbuhan memiliki warna yang indah dan mempesona, serta menarik hati manusia. </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Namun demikian, tumbuhan terdiri dari sel-sel yang bersama-sama membentuk jaringan. Kumpulan dari jaringan tumbuhan akan membentuk bagian organ vegetatif yang terdiri dari akar, batang, dan daun. Selain itu, tumbuhan juga membentuk bagian organ generatif seperti bunga, buah dan biji. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-image: none; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Pertumbuhan pada tanaman terdiri dari tahap pembentukan organ vegetatif, dan organ generatif. Tahap pertumbuhan vegetatif dimulai dari perkecambahan </span><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed&usg=ALkJrhid52RS1aZoREfRMMivTUqI3F-Hag" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Benih"><span style="color: blue;">biji</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, yang kemudian membentuk akar, batang dan daun, sampai tumbuhan siap untuk menghasilkan bunga. Tahap pertumbuhan generatif dimulai saat tumbuhan menghasilkan bunga, sampai menghasilkan biji yang disebarkan. </span></div><div style="line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="background-image: none; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">Pertumbuhan vegetatif dimulai dari saat biji berkecambah, yang kemudian menghasilkan akar, batang dan daun dengan perubahan jumlah dan ukurannya yang semakin kompleks. <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" style="background-image: none; color: blue; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;" title="Akar">Akar</a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">(</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;">radix</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">)</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> berfungsi untuk menyerap air dan mineral yang terlarut, serta melekatkan dirinya pada media tumbuh. </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" style="background-image: none; text-indent: 0px;" title="Batang"><span style="color: blue;">Batang</span></a><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: 0px;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">(</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;">caulis</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0e7744; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">berfungsi</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> untuk menegakkan atau membuat tanaman menjalar dan tempat melekatnya daun. </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" style="background-image: none; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;" title="Daun"><span style="color: blue;">Daun</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;">folium</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">) tempat berlangsungnya fotosintesis. T</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">anaman juga dapat mencegah erosi atau pengikisan lapisan tanah ya</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">ng subur, sehingga mencegah banjir. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Metabolisme pada tumbuhan meliputi anabolisme dan katabolisme. Anabolisme merupakan reaksi pembentukan seperti peristiwa fotosintesis. Fotosintesis terjadi pada daun yang memiliki kloroplas, dan berwarna hijau. Kloroplas (</span><span lang="en" style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;" xml:lang="en"><i>Chloroplast</i></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">) adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;" title="Plastid"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">plastid</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;">yang mengandung </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorofil" style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;" title="Klorofil"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">klorofil</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Di dalam kloroplas berlangsung fase terang dan fase gelap dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;" title="Fotosintesis"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">fotosintesis</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;" title="Tumbuhan"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">tumbuhan</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Kloroplas terdapat pada hampir seluruh tumbuhan, tetapi tidak umum dalam semua </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;" title="Sel"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">sel</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Umumnya kloroplas terdapat pada
sel parenkim palisade dan mesofil, yang letaknya di bawah jaringan epidermis daun. Pada sel
penutup atau sel penjaga dari stomata </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">daun</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> dapat ditemukan kloroplas. Cahaya matahari membantu kloroplas dapat mengubah molekul karbon dioksida dan air menjadi glukosa dan oksigen. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Berkat fotosintesis kebutuhan oksigen bagi makhluk hidup pada umumnya dapat dipenuhi, demikian pula kebutuhan m</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">akanan. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">R</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">eaksi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Fotosintesis"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">fotosintesis</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:</span><br />
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">cahaya </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">karbon dioksida (6CO</span><sub style="color: #0d0d0d;">2</sub><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">) </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">+ air </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(6H</span><sub style="color: #0d0d0d;">2</sub><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">O) </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">→ </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">glukosa</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>) +</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">oksigen</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(6O<sub>2</sub>)</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> kloroplas</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; border: 1pt; color: #373737; padding: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; border: 1pt; color: #373737; padding: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Katabolisme merupakan reaksi penguraian, seperti yang terjadi saat </span></span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirasi" style="background: none white; font-size: 14px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;" title=""><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">respirasi</span></a><span style="background-color: white; border: 1pt; color: #373737; padding: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 1pt; color: #373737; padding: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Pada respirasi terjadi penguraian molekul kompleks seperti glukosa dan oksigen menjadi karbon dioksida, air dan melepaskan energi dalam bentuk ATP. Dengan demikian reaksi respirasi merupakan kebalikan dari fotosintesis. </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">R</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">eaksi</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background: none white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 0px;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirasi" style="background: none white; font-size: 14px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;" title="">respirasi</a></span></span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">glukosa</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>) +</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">oksigen</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">(6O<sub>2</sub>)</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">→ </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">karbon dioksida (6CO</span><sub style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">2</sub><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">) </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">+ air </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">(6H</span><sub style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">2</sub><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">O) + ATP (energi)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Benih adalah tanaman kecil yang
berasal dari </span></span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; color: blue; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed&usg=ALkJrhid52RS1aZoREfRMMivTUqI3F-Hag" style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Benih"><span style="color: blue;">biji</span></a> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> dan diambil dari buah yang matang pada tanaman. Benih merupakan bibit bagi tanaman dewasa. Tanaman terus meningkat baik
ketinggian maupun ketebalannya selama periode waktu tertentu. Akan tetapi, daun,
bunga dan buah-buahan dari pohon yang sama tidak hanya memiliki ukuran yang
tertentu, namun organ tersebut muncul dan gugur secara berkala dan berulang-ulang. Mengapa
fase vegetatif mendahului fase berbunga? </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Semua organ tanaman terdiri
dari berbagai jaringan, apakah ada hubungan antara struktur sel, jaringan,
organ dan fungsi tanaman? Dapatkah struktur dan fungsi ini diubah? Semua
sel tanaman adalah keturunan <span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">dari zigot (sel telur yang telah dibuahi)</span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">. </span>Pertanyaannya adalah mengapa dan
bagaimana tanaman </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">memiliki atribut struktural dan fungsional yang
berbeda? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Perkembangan meliputi dua
proses, yaitu: pertumbuhan dan diferensiasi. Perkembangan tanaman dewasa dimulai
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">dari zigot,</span> selanjutnya mengikuti suksesi dengan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tepat dan peristiwa yang sangat teratur. Selama
proses perkembangan ini, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>organisasi tubuh
yang kompleks dibentuk dan menghasilkan
akar, daun, cabang, bunga, buah-buahan, biji-bijian sebelum tanaman
tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mati.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Perkecambahan pada tumbuhan diawali
dengan imbibisi, yaitu penyerapan air dari lingkungan sekitar, hal ini
ditunjukkan dengan membesarnya ukuran biji. </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Air
yang masuk akan memicu aktifnya hormon giberelin pada embrio, hormon tersebut
kem</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">udian akan memicu sel-sel di lapisan aleuron untuk memproduksi enzim
amilase (Gambar 1).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLTtKryIQye7JXzHGX2cO_ZN8HNB9OFHtu_t067R8fwB-m0eefHKkumMbaPnB8XpPoYha5Xw2j5R_ftvHPa0AHvNRzu2wUlRDLNF38jQtcj4_i4C6u0QdobBoGVeEZ6OMyIlZVmSzcsL9E/s1600/germination_med.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLTtKryIQye7JXzHGX2cO_ZN8HNB9OFHtu_t067R8fwB-m0eefHKkumMbaPnB8XpPoYha5Xw2j5R_ftvHPa0AHvNRzu2wUlRDLNF38jQtcj4_i4C6u0QdobBoGVeEZ6OMyIlZVmSzcsL9E/s1600/germination_med.jpeg" style="text-align: center;" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: center;"> Gambar 1. Proses Perkecambahan (Panji, 2018)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;"> Enzim amilase yang telah dihasilkan akan bekerja di </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;">endosperma atau keping biji (cadangan makanan) untuk mengubah pati menjadi gula. </span></span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">Kemudian gula yang telah dihasilkan akan ditransfer kepada embrio sebagai bahan untuk pertumbuhan embrio. </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">Lie (2007) mengatakan bahwa Kehadiran air di dalam sel pada biji merangsang keaktifan enzim awal perkecambahan, aktivitas hormon giberellin meningkat yang merangsang sel untuk melakukan mitosis. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Akibat adanya mitosis, ukuran radikula
makin </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">besar dan cangkang biji terdesak dari dalam, yang akhirnya pecah. Pada
tahap ini diperlukan prasyarat bahwa cangkang biji cukup lunak bagi embrio
untuk dipecah. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Jadi secara ringkas proses perkecambahan a</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">dalah sebagai berikut (Panji, 2018):</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Air masuk</span></span><span style="font-family: "open sans"; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "wingdings"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">à</span><span style="font-family: "open sans"; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">mengaktifkan giberelin</span></span><span style="font-family: "open sans"; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "wingdings"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">à</span><span style="font-family: "open sans"; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">memicu produksi amilase </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "wingdings"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">à</span><span style="font-family: "open sans"; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">amilase memecah pati menjadi gula</span></span><span style="font-family: "open sans"; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "wingdings"; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">à</span><span style="font-family: "open sans"; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">gula sebagai bahan pertumbuhan embrio</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> Berdasarkan posisi kotiledon dalam proses
perkecambahan dikenal perkecambahan hipogeal dan epigeal. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Hipogeal
adalah pertumbuhan memanjang dari epikotil yang meyebabkan plumula keluar
menembus kulit biji dan muncul di atas tanah. Kotiledon relatif tetap
posisinya. Contoh tipe ini terjadi pada kacang kapri dan jagung. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Pada
epigeal hipokotillah yang tumbuh memanjang, akibatnya kotiledon dan plumula
terdorong ke permukaan tanah. Perkecambahan tipe ini misalnya terjadi pada
kacang hijau dan jarak (Gambar 2).</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijd-e5graVvvmNES3ZWIUI4XgmXNbhg7zUspOnqVr3hSKrkp3Hgcc1Pjvbc0SFRe6a6BthFYhQhgMZozoTjnI1Zxp9VvzFkp9GTyuWQJfTyMBE3-Jf__3RewK8dw5eeoLvk17IzqCsCame/s1600/epigeal+hipogeal.png" /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Gambar 2.</span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"> Perkecambahan dan perkembangan bibit
kacang (Panji, 2018).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; mso-list: Ignore;">1. Pertumbuhan </span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pertumbuhan dianggap sebagai
salah satu karakteristik yang paling mendasar dan mencolok dari makhluk
hidup. Apakah pertumbuhan? Pertumbuhan dapat didefinisikan sebagai
peningkatan ukuran dari organ atau bagian-bagiannya atau bahkan dari sel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara permanen yang merupakan peristiwa
ireversibel pada satu individu. Umumnya pertumbuhan disertai dengan proses
metabolisme (baik anabolik maupun katabolik), yang terjadi dengan menggunakan energi. Oleh
karena itu, peristiwa seperti misalnya, perluasan daun adalah merupakan pertumbuhan.
Bagaimana halnya dengan pembengkakan sepotong kayu ketika ditempatkan dalam
air?</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 22.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1. </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Pertumbuhan tanaman umumnya
adalah tidak tentu</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Pertumbuhan adalah unik, karena
tanaman mempertahankan kapasitas untuk pertumbuhan tak terbatas sepanjang
hidupnya. Hal ini karena adanya </span><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #1982d1; padding: 0in;">meristem</span></a><span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> di lokasi tertentu dalam
tubuh tanaman. Sel-sel meristem tersebut memiliki kemampuan untuk membelah
dan mengabadikan diri. Namun, segera kehilangan kemampuan untuk membelah
setelah sel-sel tersebut terspesialisasi membentuk tubuh tanaman. Bentuk
pertumbuhan sel-sel baru dimana selalu ditambahkan ke tubuh tanaman oleh
aktivitas meristem disebut bentuk pertumbuhan terbuka. </span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meristem ujung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">apical</i>) bertanggung jawab atas pertumbuhan primer tanaman dan
terutama berkontribusi terhadap pemanjangan sumbu tanaman </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0.5in;">(lihat Gambar 3)</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">. Pada tanaman
dikotil dan gymnospermae, meristem lateral, yaitu kambium pembuluh</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">dan kambium gabus muncul di kemudian hari.
Aktivitas meristem lateral ini yang menyebabkan peningkatan ketebalan organ
tanaman. Hal ini dikenal sebagai pertumbuhan sekunder tanaman.</span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnPkKVY6RQAndcqYe9AUEdf63LF_H9zGqz5rbfleudJAb7fIR3lTe1zY5SNoU-1rCNZ-8LrcJXD9nYkwH3S_28psbW9cS-KjmV-oaOCmsQW4MZpXXx66BcEPmP4SAJYN4klBiQQbxRjfSp/s1600/Meristem+Apikal.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="757" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnPkKVY6RQAndcqYe9AUEdf63LF_H9zGqz5rbfleudJAb7fIR3lTe1zY5SNoU-1rCNZ-8LrcJXD9nYkwH3S_28psbW9cS-KjmV-oaOCmsQW4MZpXXx66BcEPmP4SAJYN4klBiQQbxRjfSp/s400/Meristem+Apikal.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: black; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Gambar 3</span></span></span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">. Diagram yang menunjukkan
lokasi meristem ujung akar dan ujung pucuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">1.2. Pertumbuhan adalah terukur</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pertumbuhan, pada tingkat sel,
pada dasarnya merupakan konsekuensi dari peningkatan jumlah protoplasma. Peningkatan
protoplasma sulit untuk diukur secara langsung, karena itu pertumbuhan diukur
dengan berbagai parameter, beberapa di antaranya adalah: peningkatan bobot
segar, berat kering, panjang, luas, volume dan jumlah sel. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Meristem ujung akar pada jagung
dapat menghasilkan lebih dari 17.500 sel baru per jam. Sedangkan sel-sel
semangka dapat meningkat ukurannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sampai
mencapai 350.000 kali (Anand, 2010)<span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. </span>Untuk hal yang pertama, pertumbuhan dinyatakan
sebagai peningkatan jumlah sel, yang terakhir mengungkapkan pertumbuhan sebagai
peningkatan ukuran sel. Sementara pertumbuhan buluh serbuk sari diukur dalam
hal panjangnya, dan peningkatan luas permukaan daun menunjukkan pertumbuhan
daun dorsiventral untuk daun dikotil, dan isobilateral untuk monokotil.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">1.3. Fase pertumbuhan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Periode pertumbuhan umumnya
dibagi menjadi tiga tahap, yaitu, meristematik, pemanjangan dan pematangan (Gambar 4). Sel-sel terus membelah, baik di ujung akar maupun di ujung pucuk dan merupakan
fase pertumbuhan meristematik. Sel-sel di daerah ini kaya akan
protoplasma, memiliki inti mencolok besar. Memiliki dinding sel yang tipis
dan mengandung selulosa serta plasmodesmata yang berlimpah. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sel-sel proksimal (hanya disebelahnya,
namun cukup jauh dari ujung) ke zona meristematik mewakili fase
pemanjangan. Vacuolasi meningkat, pembesaran sel dan penempatan dinding
sel baru adalah karakteristik dari sel-sel di fase ini. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lebih jauh dari ujung, yaitu, lebih
proksimal dari fase pemanjangan, terletak bagian dari sumbu yang menjalani fase
pematangan. Sel-sel dari zona ini, mencapai ukuran maksimal dalam hal
penebalan dinding dan modifikasi protoplasma.</span> </span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrY0LLnBSnO3IHrx1G518WFf6oJbb4rLgthoRAp_WkgJ38rQ2Gl5517KRYH2kd9jE20m0cU-a-Qv3Z5IpuUxl4aW0Dd99jQaw_IRIJHo4ELV0HQ8LlBe3ULIJPcvoQ7ic6yIvGoKXmUxhF/s1600/Akar+panjanh.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="420" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrY0LLnBSnO3IHrx1G518WFf6oJbb4rLgthoRAp_WkgJ38rQ2Gl5517KRYH2kd9jE20m0cU-a-Qv3Z5IpuUxl4aW0Dd99jQaw_IRIJHo4ELV0HQ8LlBe3ULIJPcvoQ7ic6yIvGoKXmUxhF/s320/Akar+panjanh.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">Gambar 4.</span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;"> Zona pembelahan, pemanjangan dan pematangan pada akar (Campbell, 2003)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">1.4. Laju pertumbuhan</span></b><b><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pertumbuhan meningkat per
satuan waktu disebut sebagai laju pertumbuhan. Dengan demikian, laju
pertumbuhan dapat dinyatakan secara matematis. Organisme, atau bagian dari
organisme dapat menghasilkan lebih banyak sel dalam berbagai cara. Laju
pertumbuhan menunjukkan peningkatan yang mungkin secara aritmatika <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(arithmetic</i>) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau geometris (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">geometric</i>) (Gambar 5). Dalam pertumbuhan aritmatika, hanya
satu sel anak terus membelah secara mitosis sementara yang lain melakukan
diferensiasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
pematangan. Ungkapan sederhana pertumbuhan aritmatika dicontohkan oleh
pemanjangan akar dengan laju yang konstan.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvGwBcFuxbzQmtb7cimxvc4cAOl95o4gdCo7xBhBg2JB6ZcZy4XpygwbC3RBdod_msXX7A7WQmB1WiZ4yxtesJry7ABHkqOnm7lRbG-1qn-X14IOpVnqCVgqfjhclrvPtyVuoTpvIxash/s1600/Pertumbuhan+aritmatika.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvGwBcFuxbzQmtb7cimxvc4cAOl95o4gdCo7xBhBg2JB6ZcZy4XpygwbC3RBdod_msXX7A7WQmB1WiZ4yxtesJry7ABHkqOnm7lRbG-1qn-X14IOpVnqCVgqfjhclrvPtyVuoTpvIxash/s1600/Pertumbuhan+aritmatika.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Gambar 5.</span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"> Diagram
yang menunjukkan: (a) fase pertumbuhan aritmatika (b) fase pertumbuhan
geometris dan (c) Tahapan selama perkembangan embrio menunjukkan fase geometris
dan aritmatika (Anand, 2010)</span></span><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pada gambar 6 menunjukkan, jika dibuat plot logaritma pertumbuhan
(ukuran, massa atau jumlah sel) terhadap waktu,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>akan diperoleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>garis linier. Jika
dihitung kemiringan garis, akan didapatkan tingkat pertumbuhan relatif (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relative growth rate</i>/<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">RGR</i>), yang merupakan perubahan
pertumbuhan relatif dari waktu ke waktu. Karena garis linier, didapatkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">RGR </i>yang sama, terlepas dari interval
waktu yang dipilih untuk menghitung lereng (Wareing and Philips 1981).</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9d9zM6WI5iWRGKiE9yYuZQn7EC3tIc4h0Yccw0qjuqwIoiTl191W1mGzrsGZ4slckfLqWqggqTzcJ9kV1MnGgWbRWguU3LU0Nq0YlBpJPAjncZDKtC32xoB_JvQQE1sZCTVEaTrjUHnoX/s1600/logaritma+pertumbuhan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9d9zM6WI5iWRGKiE9yYuZQn7EC3tIc4h0Yccw0qjuqwIoiTl191W1mGzrsGZ4slckfLqWqggqTzcJ9kV1MnGgWbRWguU3LU0Nq0YlBpJPAjncZDKtC32xoB_JvQQE1sZCTVEaTrjUHnoX/s1600/logaritma+pertumbuhan.jpg" /></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gambar 6. Logaritma pertumbuhan (ukuran, massa atau jumlah) / Waktu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(Wareing dan Philips 1981).</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pada pertumbuhan secara
geometris, pertumbuhan awal adalah lambat (fase <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lag</i>), dan kemudian meningkat dengan cepat, yaitu pada fase eksponensial
(fase log). Kedua sel anak yang dihasilkan melalui pembelahan mitosis
mampu terus melakukan pembelahan. Namun, dengan pasokan nutrisi yang terbatas,
pertumbuhan melambat mengarah ke fase stasioner. Jika dibuat plot
parameter pertumbuhan terhadap waktu, maka didapatkan kurva tipe sigmoid atau S
(Gambar 7). </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Kurva sigmoid merupakan
karakteristik dari organisme hidup yang berkembang dalam lingkungan
alam. Hal ini khas untuk semua jaringan, sel dan organ
tanaman. Pertumbuhan eksponensial dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan (Anand, 2010):</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">W<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>1</sub>= W<sub>0</sub> e <sup>rt </sup></span></span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br /><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">W<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>1 </sub>= ukuran akhir (berat, tinggi, jumlah
dll) </span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">W<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>0</sub> = ukuran awal pada periode permulaan</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">r = tingkat pertumbuhan</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">t = waktu pertumbuhan </span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">e = dasar logaritma alami</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Di sini, r adalah tingkat
pertumbuhan relatif dan juga ukuran dari kemampuan tanaman untuk menghasilkan
sel baru bagi tanaman, disebut sebagai indeks efisiensi. Oleh karena itu,
ukuran akhir dari W<span style="font-size: small;"><sub>1 </sub>tergantung pada ukuran awal, W<sub>0</sub>.</span></span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpv1p7zZNcr_AMcaT3oZUSVQuVaMBjEPx6zroGUwTGd5Ll1eXMZ0AtpCvx96nsmDdkeCpUN1WHJqPvpmN1TromzIqeJ5w_QOwfVKBMlqlEhbqvVugEDGr_otzHtKCs59sPFDqxiMIbszBR/s1600/kurva+sigmoid.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpv1p7zZNcr_AMcaT3oZUSVQuVaMBjEPx6zroGUwTGd5Ll1eXMZ0AtpCvx96nsmDdkeCpUN1WHJqPvpmN1TromzIqeJ5w_QOwfVKBMlqlEhbqvVugEDGr_otzHtKCs59sPFDqxiMIbszBR/s1600/kurva+sigmoid.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Gambar 7. </span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"> Kurva
pertumbuhan sigmoid pada sel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan organ
tanaman (Anand, 2010) </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pertumbuhan tanaman secara
kuantitatif <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat dihitung dengan dua
cara, yaitu: (i) laju pertumbuhan absolut: adalah perbandingan hasil total pengukuran
pertumbuhan per satuan waktu; dan (ii) laju pertumbuhan relatif: adalah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil total pengukuran pertumbuhan per satuan waktu
per unit parameter awal. Dalam gambar 8 dua daun, A (5 cm<span style="font-size: small;"><sup>2</sup>) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan B (50 cm<sup>2</sup>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan ukuran luas daun yang berbeda, menunjukkan
laju pertumbuhan absolut pada luas daun dalam waktu tertentu, menjadi A<sup>1 </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(10 cm<sup>2</sup>/satuan waktu)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan B<sup>1</sup> (55 cm<sup>2</sup>/satuan
waktu). Namun, menunjukkan laju pertumbuhan relatif jika dibandingkan dengan
pertumbuhan awal daun tersebut, yaitu daun A<sup>1</sup> menambah luas daun 1 kali lipat dibandingkan A. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sedangkan daun B<sup>1</sup> menambah luas
daun 0,1 kali lipat dibandingkan B. Jadi laju
pertumbuhan luas daun A secara relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan daun B. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDu0o3rRXIYCGE9UcGDbF_3-D-ZTeb4ojk-PeiG0fBbjP3JJj-GAT6wS4HVIl2PckZsFr0zwbooWWSDg7e2tnwNZ90YbYVho3vuUxJkxb62D8dmkzvvMLrokoW1HZ7ibtG2rk-7FqhOxko/s1600/Diagram+perbandingan+tingkat+pertumbuhan+daun.png" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDu0o3rRXIYCGE9UcGDbF_3-D-ZTeb4ojk-PeiG0fBbjP3JJj-GAT6wS4HVIl2PckZsFr0zwbooWWSDg7e2tnwNZ90YbYVho3vuUxJkxb62D8dmkzvvMLrokoW1HZ7ibtG2rk-7FqhOxko/s1600/Diagram+perbandingan+tingkat+pertumbuhan+daun.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in; text-indent: 0px;">Gambar 8.</span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in; text-indent: 0px;"> Diagram perbandingan tingkat pertumbuhan absolut dan relatif. Kedua daun A dan B telah meningkatkan luas mereka dengan 5 cm<span style="font-size: small;"><sup>2 </sup>dalam waktu tertentu untuk menghasilkan daun <span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; padding: 0in;">A<sup>1</sup>, B<sup>1</sup></span> (Anand, 2010).</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"></span><br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">1.5. Kondisi pertumbuhan</span></b><b><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Kondisi apa yang diperlukan
untuk pertumbuhan? Tanaman membutuhkan air, oksigen dan nutrisi </span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">sebagai
elemen yang sangat penting untuk pertumbuhan. Sel-sel tanaman tumbuh ukurannya
dengan pembesaran sel yang pada gilirannya membutuhkan air. Turgiditas sel
membantu dalam luas pertumbuhan. Dengan demikian, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
tanaman lebih lanjut terkait erat dengan status air tanaman. Air juga
menyediakan media untuk kegiatan enzimatik yang diperlukan untuk
pertumbuhan. Oksigen membantu dalam melepaskan energi metabolik penti</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">ng
bagi </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">kegiatan pertumbuhan. </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">N</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">utrisi berupa makro dan mikro elemen esensial diperlukan oleh tanaman untuk sintesis protoplasma dan bertindak sebagai sumber energi, dengan demikian </span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; color: blue; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_nutrition&usg=ALkJrhjfyspZnQwZI6sCDFcr3k3lYt9-4g" style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Nutrisi tanaman"><span style="color: blue;">nutrisi tanaman esensial </span></a> </span><span style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sangat dibutuhkan.</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Nutrisi yang diperlukan tanaman diperoleh dari tanah dan atmosfer. Keter</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0.5in;">sediaan nutrisi tanaman tergantung faktor lingkungan, seperti cuaca dan iklim, erosi, jenis tanah dan pH tanah. Unsur karbon (C), oksigen (O), hidrogen (H) yang diperlukan dalam jumlah besar. </span><span face=", "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "roboto" , "lato" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"> E</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0.5in;">lemen makro lainnya yang diperlukan oleh tanaman berupa nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), potasium (K), kalsium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), dan Sulfur (S) yang diperlukan dalam jumlah besar pula, dan akumulasinya pada jaringan sekitar 0,1%. Elemen mikro yang diperlukan tanaman meliputi boron (Br), klorin (Cl), tembaga (Cu), besi (Fe), mangan (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nikel (Ni), dan Zinc (Zn) yang diperlukan dalam jumlah kecil dan akumulasinya pada jaringan tumbuhan sekitar 0,01%. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">Selain itu terdapat pula elemen penting lainnya yang meliputi aluminium (Al), kobalt (Co), selenium, silikon (Si), sodium (Na), dan vanadium yang berperan menstimulasi pertumbuhan namun hanya dibutuhkan oleh tumbuhan-tumbuhan tertentu.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">Tanam</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">an yang mengalami kekurangan salah satu atau beberapa elemen nutrisi, dapat tergganggu proses reproduksi dan pertumbuhan tanamannya. Gejala yang ditunjukkan oleh tanaman akan berbeda bergantung jenis elemennya. Tanaman yang kekurangan salah satu elemen yang penting biasanya akan mengalami kematian sebelum siklus hidupnya terlengkapi. Gejala lain yang umum terlihat pada bagian organ tumbuhan yang mengalami difisiensi nutrisi yaitu berupa klorosis, nekrosis, dan warna daun berubah menjadi merah. Klorosis merupakan rusaknya jaringan terutama pada bagian daun akibat klorofil gagal terbentuk sehingga menyebabkan warna daun menjadi kuning. Hal tersebut disebabkan tanaman kekurangan besi, sulfur, mangan, zinc, dan tembaga. Nekrosis dapat terjadi karena tanaman kekurangan nitrogen, potasium dan kalsium. Nekrosis dapat terjadi pada bagian daun ataupun batang tumbuhan dengan gejala organ daun mengalami kematian atau terhambatnya pertumbuhan daun sebagai akibat dari kematian jaringan tumbuhan. Perubahan warna daun menjadi merah dapat terjadi karena akumulasi antosianin akibat kurangnya kandungan fosfor.</span></div>
<span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">S</span>etiap organisme
tanaman memiliki rentang suhu optimum paling cocok untuk
pertumbuhannya. Setiap penyimpangan dari kisaran ini dapat merugikan
kelangsungan hidupnya. Sinyal lingkungan seperti cahaya dan gravitasi juga
mempengaruhi fase-fase tertentu dari tahap pertumbuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Tugas
1</span></b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">:</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a) </span></span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Buatlah perkecambahan 10 biji tanaman semusim (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plants" title="Annual plants"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">annual plants</span></a>), yang berasal dari buah yang matang pada tanaman induk di kebun (toko pertanian), dalam media tanah. Lakukan pemeliharaan (per kelompok). Amati setiap minggu sampai membentuk bunga, buah dan biji. Buat grafik pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman
dan deskripsikan apa yang terjadi! </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b) </span></span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Amati setiap hari selama dua minggu dua helai
daun yang berbeda ukuran dari kecambah tersebut di atas setelah satu bulan
tumbuh. Lakukan hal yang sama terhadap daun dari tanaman nona makan sirih <span style="font-family: "times new roman";">(<i>Clerodendrum thomsoniae</i>) adalah sejenis </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman_hias" title="Tanaman hias"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">tanaman hias</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> merambat anggota suku </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Lamiaceae</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> (dulu dimasukkan ke dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Verbenaceae</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">). </span> Buat grafik dan hitung laju pertumbuhan absolut dan laju pertumbuhan
relatifnya!</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #373737; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;">
</span>
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2. </span></span></b><b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Diferensiasi,
dediferensiasi dan rediferensiasi</span></b>
</span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Sel-sel yang berasal dari
meristem ujung akar, ujung pucuk dan kambium melakukan fungsi yang berbeda. Tindakan
yang mengarah ke pematangan disebut sebagai diferensiasi. Selama
diferensiasi, sel mengalami beberapa perubahan struktural yang utama, baik
dalam dinding sel maupun protoplasmanya. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Misalnya, untuk membentuk elemen trachea,
sel-sel akan kehilangan protoplasmanya. Tanaman mengembang sangat kuat, elastis,
dinding sel sekunder mengandung lignoselulosa, untuk membawa air dengan jarak jauh
bahkan dibawah tekanan yang ekstrim. Cobalah untuk mengkorelasikan
ciri-ciri anatomi berbagai tanaman yang ditemui dengan fungsi yang dilakukan.</span><br />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Tanaman menunjukkan fenomena
lain yang menarik. Sel-sel hidup yang telah berdiferensiasi, dan kehilangan
kemampuannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk membelah,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat memiliki kembali kemampuan membelah
dalam kondisi tertentu. Fenomena ini disebut sebagai dediferensiasi. Misalnya,
pembentukan meristem-kambium gabus dan kambium <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">interfascicular</i> dari sel-sel parenkim. Meristem/jaringan yang
mampu membelah dan menghasilkan sel-sel, kemudian kehilangan kemampuan untuk
membelah kembali, tapi mampu melakukan fungsi tertentu, disebut
redifensiasi. Beberapa jaringan pada tanaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dicotyl
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>berkayu, merupakan produk dari
rediferensiasi. Bagaimana dengan tumor? Apa sebutan sel-sel parenkim
yang membelah dalam kondisi laboratorium yang terkendali selama kultur jaringan
tanaman?</span><br />
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Diferensiasi pada tanaman adalah
terbuka, karena sel-sel dan jaringan yang muncul dari meristem yang sama
memiliki struktur yang berbeda sampai waktu tertentu. Struktur pada akhir
pembelahan sel dan jaringan juga ditentukan oleh lokasi dalam sel. Sebagai
contoh, sel-sel ditempatkan jauh dari meristem apikal akar akan menjadi sel-sel
tudung akar, sementara sel tanaman yang didorong ke tepi menjadi epidermis. Dapatkah
Anda menambahkan beberapa contoh diferensiasi terbuka menghubungkan posisi sel
ke posisi dalam organ?</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Tugas 2:
</span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">Amati tanaman di sekitar,
klasifikasikan yang termasuk diferensiasi, dediferensiasi dan rediferensiasi!</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Perkembangan<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Perkembangan adalah istilah
yang mencakup semua perubahan yang dilalui organisme selama siklus hidupnya,
dimulai dari perkecambahan bibit tanaman sampai penuaan. Diagram yang
menunjukkan urutan dari proses perkembangan sel tanaman dapat dilihat pada
gambar 9. Hal ini juga berlaku untuk jaringan / organ tanaman.</span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPsPf38X5eHY48gdsrAZPQnRJVNTnoG83iAFo1dQixCaRLnP5LJfeHKYEteA606gSwsbqlXQmdirQKhXgkBo22YcGLCf98USOx-E8K5hb2gx1f3Er6F7d8Uxux9BRbHyoqA4xIOxyYHMp/s1600/urutan+proses+perkembangan.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPsPf38X5eHY48gdsrAZPQnRJVNTnoG83iAFo1dQixCaRLnP5LJfeHKYEteA606gSwsbqlXQmdirQKhXgkBo22YcGLCf98USOx-E8K5hb2gx1f3Er6F7d8Uxux9BRbHyoqA4xIOxyYHMp/s400/urutan+proses+perkembangan.png" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gambar 9.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"> Urutan proses perkembangan dalam sel tanaman (Anand, 2010).</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Tanaman mengikuti jalur
diferensiasi dalam menanggapi lingkungan atau fase kehidupan, untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membentuk berbagai macam struktur. Kemampuan
ini disebut plastisitas, misalnya, heterophylly pada kapas, ketumbar dan larkspur.
Bentuk daun tanaman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">juvenile</i> berbeda
dengan bentuk daun tanaman dewasa. Perbedaan bentuk daun tanaman buttercup
yang tumbuh di atas tanah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan di dalam
air juga merupakan pengembangan sifat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">heterophylly
</i>karena lingkungan (Gambar 10). Fenomena <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">heterophylly</i> ini adalah contoh dari plastisitas.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrc9ocbm_rVTsqtbaOO-W66ftrrcPryW4zLuj7wb8VRkK2J6vaPTlPGWaCFREqWi_JGj1Kan9cJezeSNoIdJBevhTKgm4p6M6fgjGRUEEYkTi3ebJ4dIXkKZgJNSFLA-AFr9jyRC17YKDp/s1600/heterophylly.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrc9ocbm_rVTsqtbaOO-W66ftrrcPryW4zLuj7wb8VRkK2J6vaPTlPGWaCFREqWi_JGj1Kan9cJezeSNoIdJBevhTKgm4p6M6fgjGRUEEYkTi3ebJ4dIXkKZgJNSFLA-AFr9jyRC17YKDp/s1600/heterophylly.png" width="400" /></span></a><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Gambar 10.</span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"> Heterophylly pada tanaman a. larkspur (<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span class="sciname"><em>Consolida</em></span> sp.) </span>dan b. buttercup <span style="font-family: "times new roman";">(<em>Ranunculus</em> sp.)</span> (Anand,
2010)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times";"></span><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dengan demikian, pertumbuhan,
diferensiasi dan perkembangan adalah peristiwa yang sangat erat kaitannya dalam
kehidupan tanaman. Secara umum, perkembangan dianggap sebagai hasil dari <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertumbuhan dan diferensiasi. Perkembangan
pada tanaman berada di bawah kendali faktor intrinsik dan ekstrinsik. Faktor
intrinsik meliputi baik faktor intraseluler (genetik) atau interseluler (bahan
kimia seperti zat pengatur tumbuh), sedangkan faktor ekstrinsik meliputi
cahaya, suhu, air, oksigen, nutrisi, dll.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Tugas 3:
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a) </span></span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Amati tanaman di sekitar,
tunjukkan plastisitas pada tanaman yang dipilih!</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b) </span></span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Amati faktor intrinsik dan
ekstrinsik tanaman di sekitar anda! </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c) </span></span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Bagaimanakah urutan proses
perkembangan tanaman di sekitar anda?</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">Zat pengatur tumbuh</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">(ZPT) tanaman</span></span></strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"> </span></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">4.1 Karakteristik</span></b><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;"></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pengatur pertumbuhan tanaman
diperlukan dalam jumlah sedikit, dan merupakan molekul sederhana dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">komposisi kimia yang beragam. P</span>engatur
pertumbuhan tanaman <span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">dapat berupa senyawa indol (indole-3-acetic
acid, IAA), turunan adenin (N6-furfurylamino purin, kinetin), turunan karotenoid
(asam absisik, ABA), terpen (asam giberelat, GA3) atau gas (etilen, C2H4
). </span>Pengatur pertumbuhan tanaman <span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">banyak digambarkan dalam
literatur sebagai zat pertumbuhan tanaman (ZPT),</span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon_tumbuhan" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Hormon tumbuhan">hormon tumbuhan</a></span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 31.5pt;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 31.5pt;"> atau </span><i style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 31.5pt;">phytohormones</i><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 31.5pt;">.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pengatur pertumbuhan
tanaman <span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok berdasarkan fungsinya dalam
tubuh tanaman yang hidup. Satu kelompok dari </span>pengatur pertumbuhan
tanaman<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terlibat dalam kegiatan
pertumbuhan, seperti pembelahan sel, pembesaran sel, pembentukan pola
pertumbuhan tanaman, pertumbuhan di daerah tropis, berbunga, berbuah dan
pembentukan biji. Zat berikut ini juga termasuk yang menyebabkan pertumbuhan
tanaman, misalnya, auksin, giberelin dan sitokinin. </span>Pengatur
pertumbuhan tanaman<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari
kelompok lainnya memainkan peran penting dalam respon tanaman untuk luka dan
stres yang berasal dari lingkungan biotik dan abiotik. </span>Pengatur
pertumbuhan tanaman<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga
terlibat dalam kegiatan penghambat pertumbuhan seperti absisi dan
dormansi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Pengatur pertumbuhan
tanaman berupa<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> asam absisik, yang termasuk kelompok ini. Zat </span>pengatur
pertumbuhan tanaman yang berupa gas, yaitu<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> etilena, termasuk salah satu
kelompok yang sebagian besar berfungsi menghambat kegiatan pertumbuhan.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">4.2
Penemuan pengatur (regulator) pertumbuhan tanaman</span></b><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; letter-spacing: 1.2pt; text-transform: uppercase;"></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Pengamatan Charles Darwin dan
putranya Francis Darwin, menemukan bahwa </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoptile" target="_blank" title="Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoptile"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; padding: 0in;">coleoptiles</span></a></span></i><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"> rumput kenari memberikan respon terhadap <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pencahayaan yang diberikan pada satu sisi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertumbuhan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coleoptile </i>mengarah ke sumber cahaya (fototropisme). Setelah
melalui serangkaian percobaan, maka disimpulkan bahwa ujung koleoptil adalah
tempat yang dapat dipengaruhi cahaya, dan menyebabkan pembengkokan dari keseluruhan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coleoptile</i> (Gambar 11). Auksin
diisolasi oleh FW Went dari ujung <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coleoptiles
bibit</i> gandum <span style="font-family: "times new roman";">(<i>Triticum</i> spp.).</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTiCPv8OB70P1w0WFuwVpmvM9QslK8xxHI0Bql0n1gHGcPPKePUNq0C_CoXqJQ6cVc2F5c2b2jtJB0ojeO8RDjmQ2xwrLI_VzYH80TYapMr33bzJz7pSOvbFSv6Sq9ArbngFmnv4ICrwqb/s1600/Ujung+Coleoptile.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTiCPv8OB70P1w0WFuwVpmvM9QslK8xxHI0Bql0n1gHGcPPKePUNq0C_CoXqJQ6cVc2F5c2b2jtJB0ojeO8RDjmQ2xwrLI_VzYH80TYapMr33bzJz7pSOvbFSv6Sq9ArbngFmnv4ICrwqb/s1600/Ujung+Coleoptile.png" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Gambar 11.</span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"> Percobaan yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa ujung <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">coleoptile </i>adalah sumber auksin. Panah
menunjukkan arah cahaya (Anand, 2010).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Penyakit 'bakanae' (bibit
bodoh)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditemukan pada tahun 1926 oleh E.
Kurosawa, yang disebabkan oleh jamur (fungi) patogen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gibberella fujikuroi</i>. Gejala penyakit ini adalah sebelum bibit
dewasa dan berbunga, padi tumbuh sedemikian tinggi dan kurus sehingga roboh.
Pada akhir tahun 1930-an, saintis Jepang telah meyakini bahwa jamur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gibberella fujikuroi</i> menyebabkan
pemanjangan batang padi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara
berlebihan dengan cara mensekresi suatu bahan kimia, yang diberi nama
giberelin. </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"><span class="notranslate" face=", "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "roboto" , "lato" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada tahun 1962, Skoog dan <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshio_Murashige&usg=ALkJrhgy51qdKWaaFAdGC4caiXPFzbh8WQ" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #6b4ba1; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Toshio Murashige">Toshio Murashige</a> menerbitkan apa yang mungkin merupakan kertas paling terkenal dalam kultur jaringan tanaman;</span><span face=", "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "roboto" , "lato" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span class="notranslate" face=", "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "roboto" , "lato" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">dalam upaya tanpa hasil untuk menemukan regulator pertumbuhan tanaman yang belum diketahui dalam jus <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco&usg=ALkJrhgkuLoTgP_OaZgAwsrBhRNuIFuhYA" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #6b4ba1; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Tembakau">tembakau</a> untuk tesis doktoralnya, Murashige dan Skoog bukannya mengembangkan basis garam yang sangat ditingkatkan untuk budaya tembakau steril.</span><span face=", "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "roboto" , "lato" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span class="notranslate" face=", "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "roboto" , "lato" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sekarang disebut sebagai <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murashige_and_Skoog_medium&usg=ALkJrhhhp3NFD2tD9EQYzqdL_yWe99aoNg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #6b4ba1; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Media Murashige dan Skoog">media Murashige dan Skoog</a> , makalah terakhir ( <i style="background: none; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Murashige, T. dan Skoog, F. (1962) Media revisi untuk pertumbuhan cepat dan bioassay dengan kultur jaringan tembakau. Physiol Plant 18: 100-127</i> ) adalah salah satu makalah yang paling sering dikutip dalam biologi.</span><span face=", "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "roboto" , "lato" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span class="notranslate" face=", "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "roboto" , "lato" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-image: none; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="background: none; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75em; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folke_K._Skoog&usg=ALkJrhgrEKyXv_HykzTXA5bdGjchefcJXg#cite_note-5" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #6b4ba1; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[5]</a></sup> Sekarang 50 tahun setelah bekerja, basis garam M&S tetap merupakan komponen penting dalam <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture&usg=ALkJrhjdOgk1KWC3z1bMrdVIxK3MpojGSg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #6b4ba1; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Kultur jaringan tanaman">kultur jaringan tanaman</a> .</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">F. Skoog dan rekan kerjanya
mengamati bahwa kalus (terdiferensiasi sebagai massa sel) dari bagian ruas
batang tembakau berkembang biak hanya jika, selain auksin media nutrisi
dilengkapi dengan salah satu dari yang berikut ini, yaitu: ekstrak jaringan
vaskular, ekstrak ragi, santan atau DNA. Skoog dan Miller, kemudian mulai mengidentifikasi
dan mengkristalisasi zat aktif pada saat sitokinesis yang disebut kinetin.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Selama pertengahan 1960-an,
tiga penelitian independen melaporkan pemurnian dan karakterisasi secara kimia
dari tiga jenis inhibitor, yaitu: inhibitor-B, absisi II dan
dormin. Kemudian ketiganya terbukti secara kimiawi identik. Zat
tersebut bernama asam absisik (ABA).</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pelepasan zat volatil dari
jeruk yang matang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempercepat pematangan
pada pisang mentah yang disimpan. Kemudian diketahui zat ini mudah menguap,
dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diidentifikasi sebagai etilen,
sebuah gas pengatur pertumbuhan tanaman. Mari kita mempelajari beberapa
efek fisiologis dari kelima zat pengatur pertumbuhan tanaman.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">4.3 Efek fisiologis pengatur
(regulator) pertumbuhan tanaman</span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4.3.1 Auksin</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvaHQi4-epfsFNXXpN0EBQB8_Qkyy8qSUbI6NdKzuWWLokD6VSUZsKQzB7Zir9WSv2Nki3caf9usRV1I6I1TX7MgZrTSOPqbGJF2cY-cwRXOsHO7nooXpqt3jFZnoiwAMnx9cBUUYcJdaY/s1600/Auksin.png" /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Auksin</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auksin" style="background-image: none; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 0px;" title="Auksin"><span style="color: blue;">Auksin</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; text-indent: 0.5in;"> adalah zat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon_tumbuhan" style="text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Hormon tumbuhan"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">hormon tumbuhan</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; text-indent: 0.5in;"> yang ditemukan pada ujung </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" style="text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Batang"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">batang</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; text-indent: 0.5in;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" style="text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Akar"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">akar</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; text-indent: 0.5in;">, dan pembentukan </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Bunga"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">bunga</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> yang berfungsi sebagai pengatur pembesaran </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Sel"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">sel</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> dan memicu pemanjangan sel di belakang meristem ujung (<em>apical</em>). Auksin berperan penting dalam pertumbuhan. Peran auksin pertama kali ditemukan oleh ilmuwan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Belanda"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Belanda</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> bernama </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Went&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Fritz Went (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fritz Went</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> (1903-1990). </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auksin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 0px;" title="Auksin"><span style="color: blue;">Auksin</span></a> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">(dari bahasa Yunani 'auxein': untuk tumbuh) pertama kali
diisolasi dari urin manusia. 'Auksin' istilah yang </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">diterapkan pada asam indole-3-asetat (IAA),
dan senyawa alami dan sintetis lainnya, memiliki kemampuan mengatur pertumbuhan
tanaman. Auksin umumnya diproduksi pada ujung batang dan akar, dari mana
auksin bermigrasi ke daerah tindakannya. Auksin seperti IAA dan indol
asam butirat (IBA) telah diisolasi dari tanaman. NAA (naftalen asetat) dan
2, 4-D (2, 4-diklorofenoksi) adalah auksin sintetik. Semua auksin telah
digunakan secara luas dalam praktek pertanian dan hortikultura. Auksin membantu
untuk memulai pengakaran pada </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">stek
batang, aplikasi banyak digunakan untuk perbanyakan tanaman. Auksin memicu
nanas berbunga. Auksin membantu mencegah gugurnya buah dan daun pada tahap
awal, tetapi memicu absisi daun </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">dan
buah-buahan dewasa yang lebih tua.</span><br />
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Pada sebagian besar tumbuhan
tingkat tinggi, kuncup apikal tumbuh menghambat pertumbuhan tunas lateral (ketiak),
fenomena ini disebut dominasi apikal. Penghilangan ujung pucuk biasanya
menghasilkan pertumbuhan tunas lateral (Gambar 12). Hal ini secara luas
diterapkan di perkebunan teh. Dapatkah Anda menjelaskan mengapa?</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG43YMhYNEHtPOYxynMXyoThUUgmNo4CN_gq9PRMw6J3_tMI-NSoc-8DNbBLlA9BDIIVMPWeEh0iured-4NHm39cfAmPlets5XyKvCTEmHGb_Q5gF0-GNp5C9HMiBdfCQXek3_OdOkXkC5/s1600/dominansi+apical.png" width="400" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Gambar 12.</span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"> Dominasi apikal pada tanaman: (a) Tanaman dengan tunas
apikal yang masih utuh (b) Tanaman dengan tunas apikal yang
dihilangkan/dipenggal. Perhatikan pertumbuhan tunas lateral menjadi cabang-cabang
setelah penghilangan tunas apikal (Anand, 2010).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Auksin juga menyebabkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">parthenocarpy</i>, misalnya, dalam
tomat. Auksin banyak digunakan sebagai herbisida. 2, 4-D, banyak
digunakan untuk membunuh gulma dikotil, namun tidak mempengaruhi tanaman
monocotyledonous dewasa. Hal ini digunakan untuk mempersiapkan gulma bebas
rumput oleh tukang kebun. Auksin juga mengontrol diferensiasi xilem dan
membantu dalam pembelahan sel.</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">4.3.2 Giberelin</span></b><br />
<b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxgfxQXzFaGDsxgpEfuxknYOKtjE4xu_H8Mqi7EXq1V6_LtAspPPGDxIy_6sDQ_RZ7N3iEnaH919YdAcHNnthA46ZQFInmAKMmKIJhSxV1hdTZTcA3YRaNl7_Y4UDckCsEkZgRpNzK2Wyc/s1600/Giberelin.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxgfxQXzFaGDsxgpEfuxknYOKtjE4xu_H8Mqi7EXq1V6_LtAspPPGDxIy_6sDQ_RZ7N3iEnaH919YdAcHNnthA46ZQFInmAKMmKIJhSxV1hdTZTcA3YRaNl7_Y4UDckCsEkZgRpNzK2Wyc/s1600/Giberelin.png" /></span></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Giberelin</span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"> </span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Zat pengatur tumbuh
lainnya adalah </span></span><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giberelin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;" title=""><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Giberelin</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">.<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> Lebih dari 100 giberelin yang dilaporkan berasal dari
organisme yang sangat berbeda seperti jamur dan tanaman yang lebih
tinggi. Giberelin dilambangkan sebagai GA1, GA2, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GA3 dan sebagainya. Namun GA3 (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Giberelic acid</i>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah
salah satu giberelin pertama yang ditemukan dan bentuk yang paling <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>intensif untuk dipelajari. Semua GA bersifat
asam. Giberelin menghasilkan berbagai respon fisiologis pada
tanaman. Kemampuan GA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebabkan
peningkatan panjang sumbu, digunakan untuk meningkatkan panjang batang
anggur. Giberelin menyebabkan pohon buah-buahan seperti apel tumbuh memanjang
dan meningkatkan bentuknya. Giberelin juga menunda penuaan. Dengan
demikian, buah-buahan dapat dibiarkan lebih lama di pohon, sehingga dapat
memperpanjang periode penjualan. GA3 digunakan untuk mempercepat proses <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">malting</i> dalam industri pembuatan bir.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Penyediaan karbohidrat pada tebu,
dapat berupa gula dalam batangnya. Penyemprotan tanaman tebu dengan giberelin
meningkatkan panjang batang, sehingga meningkatkan hasil panen sebanyak 20 ton
per hektar.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Penyemprotan konifer stadium <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">juvenille </i>dengan Asam giberelik
mempercepat pematangan, sehingga mengarah ke produksi bibit dengan
cepat. Giberelin juga memicu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pemanjangan ruas sesaat sebelum berbunga pada bit, kubis dan banyak tanaman
roset.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4.3.3 Sitokinin</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0pK0N4vWvYM6247knep4begnq8IuvwnLLbOGkohgrsRa7Xl9PblLFOt0PR7x7gq1pfW4DGTUsuQV4C7ehhJkiMgP4IRG5myg31G3R12ihyphenhyphen4kp4ugyMggygiGQpYCv9YrkG4roL9B5LiJe/s1600/Sitokinin.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0pK0N4vWvYM6247knep4begnq8IuvwnLLbOGkohgrsRa7Xl9PblLFOt0PR7x7gq1pfW4DGTUsuQV4C7ehhJkiMgP4IRG5myg31G3R12ihyphenhyphen4kp4ugyMggygiGQpYCv9YrkG4roL9B5LiJe/s1600/Sitokinin.png" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sitokinin
</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Golongan </span></span><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitokinin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;" title=""><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sitokinin</span></a><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">sesuai namanya, merangsang atau terlibat dalam </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembelahan_sel" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Pembelahan sel"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">pembelahan sel</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> (<i>cytokinin</i> berarti "terkait dengan pembelahan sel"). Senyawa dari golongan ini yang pertama ditemukan adalah </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinetin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Kinetin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">kinetin</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">. Kinetin diekstrak pertama kali dari </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairan_sperma&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Cairan sperma (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">cairan sperma</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> ikan Herring, namun kemudian diketahui ditemukan pada tumbuhan dan manusia. Selanjutnya, ditemukan pula </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeatin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Zeatin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">zeatin</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">, yang diekstrak dari </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulir" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Bulir"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">bulir</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagung" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Jagung"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">jagung</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> yang belum masak. Zeatin juga diketahui merupakan komponen aktif utama pada </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_kelapa&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Air kelapa (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">air kelapa</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">, yang dikenal memiliki kemampuan mendorong pembelahan sel. Sitokinin alami merupakan turunan dari </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purin" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Purin"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">purin</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">. Sitokinin sintetik kebanyakan dibuat dari turunan purin pula, seperti N<span style="font-size: small;"><sup>6</sup>-</span></span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benziladenin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title="Benziladenin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">benziladenin</span></a><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> (N<span style="font-size: small;"><sup>6</sup>-BA) dan 6-benzilamino-9-(2-tetrahidropiranil-9H-purin) (PBA).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Sitokinin alami disintesis di
daerah di mana terjadi pembelahan sel yang cepat, misalnya, ujung akar, kuncup
yang berkembang, buah muda dll. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sitokinin membantu untuk menghasilkan daun
baru, kloroplas daun, pertumbuhan tunas lateral dan pembentukan tunas adventif.
Sitokinin membantu mengatasi dominasi apikal. Sitokinin meningkatkan mobilisasi
nutrisi yang membantu dalam penundaan penuaan daun.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4.3.4
Etilena</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJsVJ8lEinwC6t8h0pr8IhqO9FXJsz7ypxeEb4UulJYqrM5V-s7mdar3NhhIV_FqoOkK8p7vsrsEKvmTu-6ldEV-qPEdbUlDSpM_FZQedrszYKlZeQl5R1zL7i55F_XLhchg4gx4QOs9rj/s1600/Etilen.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJsVJ8lEinwC6t8h0pr8IhqO9FXJsz7ypxeEb4UulJYqrM5V-s7mdar3NhhIV_FqoOkK8p7vsrsEKvmTu-6ldEV-qPEdbUlDSpM_FZQedrszYKlZeQl5R1zL7i55F_XLhchg4gx4QOs9rj/s1600/Etilen.png" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Etilena<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"></span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilena" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 0px;" title="Etilena"><span style="color: blue;">Etilena</span></a><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; text-indent: 0.5in;">a</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">dalah suatu gas sederhana pengatur pertumbuhan
tanaman. Etilena disintesis dalam jumlah besar oleh jaringan yang menjalani
penuaan dan buah-buahan yang mengalami pemasakan. Pengaruh etilena pada
tanaman meliputi pertumbuhan bibit secara horizontal, pembengkakan sumbu batang
dan pembentukan kait apikal dalam bibit dikotil. Etilena memicu penuaan dan
absisi organ tanaman terutama daun dan bunga. Etilena sangat efektif dalam
pematangan buah. Hal ini meningkatkan laju respirasi selama pematangan
buah. Kenaikan laju respirasi disebut pernapasan klimaks.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Etilena memecah dormansi biji
dan tunas, seperti memulai perkecambahan biji kacang tanah,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertumbuhan tunas umbi kentang. Etilena meningkatkan kecepatan pemanjangan ruas/petiole pada tanaman padi dalam air. Ini
membantu daun / bagian atas tunas untuk tetap berada di atas air. Etilena juga mendorong pertumbuhan akar dan pembentukan rambut akar, sehingga membantu akar
tanaman untuk meningkatkan permukaan penyerapannya.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Etilena digunakan untuk memulai tanaman
berbunga dan keselarasan buah majemuk pada nanas. Etilena juga menginduksi pembungaan pada
mangga. Etilena mengatur begitu banyak proses fisiologis, sehingga merupakan
salah satu zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) yang paling banyak digunakan dalam
pertanian. Senyawa yang paling banyak digunakan sebagai sumber etilen adalah Ethephon. Ethephon dalam larutan air
mudah diserap dan diangkut dalam tanaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan melepaskan etilen secara perlahan. Ethephon mempercepat
pematangan buah pada tomat dan apel dan mempercepat absisi dalam bunga dan
buah-buahan (penipisan pada kapas, cherry, walnut). Ethephon meningkatkan bunga
betina pada mentimun, sehingga meningkatkan hasil panen.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4.3.5 Asam absisat</span> </span></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKImj0IDM6fMYrrpKLI9I3zQ_ilAM4OpgIZqFG-4FoHqSBkfGxWNcT145mzT_vPyq8m-FX9ydN8O8d9mgK1B8zLsRhM-5LJQueTydBEzNpM8-nr79KT7FwsXPLwmXPOwDKSwY1Zo_IQJIz/s1600/Asam+Absisat.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKImj0IDM6fMYrrpKLI9I3zQ_ilAM4OpgIZqFG-4FoHqSBkfGxWNcT145mzT_vPyq8m-FX9ydN8O8d9mgK1B8zLsRhM-5LJQueTydBEzNpM8-nr79KT7FwsXPLwmXPOwDKSwY1Zo_IQJIz/s1600/Asam+Absisat.png" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Asam
absisat</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Seperti disebutkan
sebelumnya, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_absisat" title="Asam absisat"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">asam absisat</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (ABA) ditemukan karena perannya dalam
mengatur absisi dan dormansi. Tetapi seperti zat pengatur tumbuh lainnya, juga
memiliki <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>efek <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lainnya pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
tanaman. Asam absisat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>umumnya bertindak
sebagai inhibitor pertumbuhan tanaman dan penghambat metabolisme
tanaman. ABA menghambat perkecambahan biji. ABA merangsang penutupan
stomata pada epidermis dan meningkatkan toleransi tanaman untuk berbagai macam tekanan. Oleh
karena itu, ABA juga disebut hormon stres. ABA memainkan peran penting
dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perkembangan biji, pematangan dan dormansi. Dengan
menginduksi dormansi, ABA membantu biji untuk menahan pengeringan dan faktor
lain yang tidak menguntungkan untuk pertumbuhan. Dalam kebanyakan situasi, ABA <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkerja antagonis terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GA (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Giberelic
acid</i>).</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Setiap tahap pada pertumbuhan,
diferensiasi dan perkembangan tanaman, satu atau zat pengatur tumbuh lainnya
memiliki beberapa peran. Peran tersebut bisa selaras atau antagonis. zat
pengatur tumbuh ini bisa bekerja secara individualistik atau sinergis.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Demikian pula, ada sejumlah
peristiwa dalam kehidupan tanaman di mana lebih dari satu zat pengatur tumbuh
berinteraksi untuk mempengaruhi peristiwa itu, misalnya, dormansi pada biji /
tunas, amputasi, penuaan, dominasi apikal, dll.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Ingat, peran zat pengatur
tumbuh adalah hanya satu jenis kontrol intrinsik. Seiring dengan kontrol
genomik dan faktor ekstrinsik, zat pengatur tumbuh memainkan peran penting
dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Banyak faktor ekstrinsik
seperti suhu dan cahaya, mengontrol pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman
melalui zat pengatur tumbuh. Beberapa peristiwa seperti itu bisa:
vernalisasi, berbunga, dormansi, perkecambahan biji, gerakan tanaman, dll.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Kita akan membahas secara
singkat peran cahaya dan suhu (keduanya, faktor ekstrinsik) pada inisiasi
pembungaan. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong>Tugas 4</strong><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">:</span></span></span></div>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Lakukan pemotongan pada apeks pucuk pada
batang tanaman di sekitar, amati selama satu bulan, apa yang terjadi? Mengapa?</span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 13.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5. Gerak pada Tumbuhan</span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;"><br /></span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span>Gerak pada tumbuhan <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">merupakan respon terhadap rangsangan (stimulus) baik yang berasal dari dalam maupun dari luar individu. Jadi timbulnya gerak pada tumbuhan merupakan bukti adanya iritabilitas. Terdapat 3 macam gerak pada tumbuhan, yaitu nasti, tropisme, dan taksis.<br /><b><br />5.1. Nasti</b></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: none; color: blue;"> <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasti" style="background: none;" title="Nasti"><span style="color: blue;">Nasti</span></a></span><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: #222222;">adalah gerak bagian tumbuhan yang arah geraknya tidak dipengaruhi oleh arah datangnya rangsangan. Gerak nasti disebabkan oleh perubahan turgor pada jaringan di tulang daun. Berdasarkan jenis rangsangannya, nasti dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam, yakni:</span></span></div>
<ul style="color: #222222; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?872f1"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismonasti&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Seismonasti (halaman belum tersedia)">Seismonasti</a> atau <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigmonasti" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Tigmonasti">tigmonasti</a> merupakan gerak nasti yang terjadi akibat rangsangan sentuhan. Contohnya adalah gerak menutupnya daun <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putri_malu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Putri malu">putri malu</a> (<i>Mimosa pudica</i>) ketika disentuh.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niktinasti" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Niktinasti">Niktinasti</a> merupakan gerak nasti yang terjadi akibat pengaruh gelap. Contohnya adalah "gerak tidur" yang dilakukan daun dari tumbuhan polong-polongan.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termonasti&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Termonasti (halaman belum tersedia)">Termonasti</a> merupakan gerak nasti yang disebabkan oleh rangsangan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Suhu">suhu</a>. Contohnya mekarnya bunga tulip ketika suhu udara naik.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotonasti&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Fotonasti (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotonasti</a> merupakan gerak nasti yang disebabkan oleh rangsangan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Cahaya">cahaya</a>. Contohnya adalah mekarnya bunga pukul empat (<i>Mirabilis jalapa</i>) pada saat sore hari di saat terkena sinar matahari.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasti_kompleks&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Nasti kompleks (halaman belum tersedia)">Nasti kompleks</a> merupakan gerak nasti yang disebabkan lebih dari satu rangsangan. Contohnya gerak membuka dan menutupnya <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomata" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Stomata">stomata</a>.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>5.2. Tropisme</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropisme" style="background: none;" title="Tropisme"><span style="color: blue;">Tropisme</span></a><span style="color: #222222;"> adalah gerak tumbuhan yang arah geraknya dipengaruhi oleh arah datangnya rangsangan. Tropisme positif adalah gerak yang arahnya mendekati rangsangan, sedangkan tropisme negatif adalah gerak yang arahnya menjauhi rangsangan. Berdasarkan jenis rangsangannya, tropisme dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam, yakni:</span></span></div>
<ul style="color: #222222; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?872f1"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geotropisme&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Geotropisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Geotropisme</a> atau gravitropisme merupakan gerak tropisme yang disebabkan rangsangan gaya gravitasi bumi. Geotropisme ada dua yaitu geotropisme positif dan geotropisme negatif. Geotropisme positif adalah gerak organ tumbuhan mendekati inti bumi. Sedangkan geotropisme negatif adalah gerak berlawanan arah gravitasi bumi, menjauhi inti bumi.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fototropisme" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Fototropisme">Fototropisme</a> merupakan gerak tropisme yang disebabkan oleh pengaruh rangsangan cahaya. Fototropisme terbagi dua yaitu fototropisme positif dan fototropisme negatif. Pada umumnya, bagian tumbuhan di atas tanah bersifat fototropisme positif, misalnya bunga matahari akan mekar dan batangnya mengikuti arah sinar matahari. Dan akar bersifat fototropisme negatif</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigmotropisme&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Tigmotropisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Tigmotropisme</a> merupakan gerak tropisme yang disebabkan karena rangsangan sentuhan. Pada umumnya tigmotropisme terjadi pada tumbuhan pemanjat (tumbuhan yang memiliki <a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulur&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Sulur (halaman belum tersedia)">sulur</a>)seperti anggur, ubi jalar, melon, dan tumbuhan pemanjat lainnya.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hidrotropisme&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Hidrotropisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Hidrotropisme</a> merupakan gerak tropisme yang disebabkan karena rangsangan air. Contohnya gerak pertumbuhan akar menuju ke air.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termotropisme&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Termotropisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Termotropisme</a> merupakan gerak tropisme yang disebabkan karena rangsangan suhu.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemotropisme" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Kemotropisme">Kemotropisme</a> merupakan gerak tropisme yang disebabkan karena rangsangan zat kimia. Contohnya gerak akar menuju pupuk.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reotropisme&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Reotropisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Reotropisme</a> merupakan gerak tropisme yang disebabkan oleh aliran air sehingga mempengaruhi arah gerak tumbuhan. Contohnya eceng gondok.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Taksis">5.3. Taksis</span></span></h3>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222;"> </span>Taksis <span style="color: #222222;">adalah gerak yang terjadi akibat rangsangan luar. Seluruh tubuh tumbuhan akan bergerak, dan arah geraknya ditentukan oleh arah rangsangan. Berdasarkan jenis rangsangannya, taksis dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam, yakni:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell;"></span></span><br />
<ul style="color: #222222; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?872f1"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fototaksis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Fototaksis (halaman belum tersedia)">Fototaksis</a> merupakan gerak taksis yang disebabkan rangsangan cahaya. contohnya gerak <i>Euglena</i> menuju cahaya. Fototaksis dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu fototaksis positif dan fototaksis negatif. Fototaksis positif adalah gerak tumbuhan mendekati rangsangan cahaya, sedangkan fototaksis negatif adalah gerak tumbuhan menjauhi rangsangan cahaya.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemotaksis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Kemotaksis">Kemotaksis</a> merupakan gerak taksis yang disebabkan rangsangan zat kimia. Contohnya gerak sel spermatozoid menuju sel telur.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a class="new" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galvanotaksis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858;" title="Galvanotaksis (halaman belum tersedia)">Galvanotaksis</a> atau Elekrotaksis merupakan gerak taksis yang disebabkan rangsangan listrik. Contohnya Gerak organisme tingkat rendah bergerak mendekati listrik.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Termotaksis merupakan gerak taksis yang disebabkan oleh rangsangan suhu atau temperatur .</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Geotaksis merupakan gerak taksis yang disebabkan oleh Gravitasi Bumi</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tigmotaksis merupakan gerak taksis yang disebabkan oleh kontak fisik atau sentuhan.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reotaksis merupakan gerak taksis yang disebabkan oleh aliran air.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Phonotaksis merupakan gerak taksis yang disebabkan oleh suara.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Tugas 5</span></span></b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><b> </b>Perhatikan tanaman sekitarnya, apakah ada yang dapat digolongkan ke dalam gerak nasti, tropisme dan taksis?</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><br /></span></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6. Fotoperiodisme (<span style="color: black;">Photoperiodism)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Telah diamati bahwa beberapa
tanaman memerlukan paparan cahaya secara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>periodik <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk menginduksi
pembungaan. Hal ini juga terlihat bahwa tanaman tersebut mampu menanggapi durasi
paparan cahaya. Sebagai contoh, beberapa tanaman membutuhkan durasi
paparan cahaya berlebih secara periodik dengan baik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sementara yang lain harus terkena cahaya
dengan durasi yang sedikit, dan hal ini penting sebelum tanaman mulai berbunga.
Kelompok pertama tanaman ini disebut tanaman hari panjang sedangkan yang terakhir
disebut tanaman hari pendek. Durasi kritis berbeda untuk tanaman yang
berbeda. Bagaimanapun, ada banyak tanaman, di mana tidak ada hubungan
seperti antara paparan durasi cahaya dan induksi respon berbunga, tanaman
tersebut disebut tanaman hari-netral (Gambar 13). Hal ini sekarang juga diketahui,
bahwa tidak hanya durasi periode cahaya tetapi durasi periode gelap juga sama
pentingnya. </span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;">Oleh karena itu, dapat
dikatakan bahwa pembungaan pada tanaman tertentu tidak hanya tergantung pada
kombinasi paparan terang dan gelap tetapi juga jangka waktu relatif pencahayaan. Respon
tanaman terhadap periode siang / malam disebut fotoperiodisme (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodism" target="_blank" title="Sumber: - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodism"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; padding: 0in;">photoperiodism</span></a></span></i><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)<span style="border: 1pt windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">. Hal ini juga menarik untuk dicatat bahwa sementara apeks
pucuk memodifikasi diri menjadi apeks berbunga sebelum berbunga, apeks pucuk
tanaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan sendirinya tidak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merasakan fotoperioda. Tempat persepsi
dari durasi terang / gelap adalah daun. Telah diduga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa ada zat hormonal <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang bertanggung jawab untuk berbunga. Diperlukan
zat hormonal bermigrasi dari daun ke apeks pucuk untuk merangsang pembungaan,
hanya ketika tanaman yang terkena penyinaran induktif fotoperiodik.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Garner dan Alland (1920 dalam
Campbell & Reece & Mitchell 2003) menyebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maryland Mammoth</i> yaitu suatu varietas mutan tembakau adalah
tumbuhan hari pendek (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">short day plant</i>),
karena tumbuhan ini memerlukan periode siang yang lebih pendek dibandingkan
dengan panjang siang hari yang kritis untuk perbungaan. Krisan, poisettia, dan
beberapa varietas kacang kedelai merupakan beberapa contoh tumbuhan hari
pendek, yang umumnya berbunga pada akhir musim panas, musim gugur atau musim
dingin. Tumbuhan hari panjang (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">long day
plant</i>) umumnya berbunga pada akhir musim semi atau awal musim </span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">panas. Bayam
misalnya berbunga ketika panjang siang hari adalah 14 jam atau lebih lama.
Lobak, daun selada, iris merupakan tumbuhan hari panjang. Tumbuhan hari netral
tidak dipengaruhi oleh fotoperiode. Tomat, padi dan dandelion adalah contoh
tumbuhan hari netral (day netral plant) yang berbunga ketika mencapai
pematangan tertentu, tanpa mempedulikan panjang siang hari pada waktu itu.</span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQFi-GFsD-CBjX95pvcqpTuT_WEVoaKs4ShiE0ET9g_5Q_AvpQG6uwoBHQOlqtKkB7k2I3xsbzyK9V2-xvgVYvzibYWbdOE5xC1fi4hT3rcUDm1gJ1EGj4BukCZ8PDouTSgTRg7GHQcgrT/s1600/Photoperiodisme.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQFi-GFsD-CBjX95pvcqpTuT_WEVoaKs4ShiE0ET9g_5Q_AvpQG6uwoBHQOlqtKkB7k2I3xsbzyK9V2-xvgVYvzibYWbdOE5xC1fi4hT3rcUDm1gJ1EGj4BukCZ8PDouTSgTRg7GHQcgrT/s1600/Photoperiodisme.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">Gambar 13.</span><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Photoperiodism</i>:
tanaman hari panjang, hari pendek dan hari netral (Anand, 2010).</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">
<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Tugas 6.</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Amati mekarnya bunga tomat, termasuk kedalam tumbuhan hari panjang, tumbuhan hari pendek atau netral?</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">
</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">7. Vernalisasi (Vernalisation)</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Tanaman berbunga baik secara
kuantitatif, maupun kualitatif tergantung pada paparan suhu
rendah. Fenomena ini disebut vernalisasi. Vernalisasi
mencegah pematangan organ reproduksi sebelum waktunya di akhir musim tanam, dan
memungkinkan tanaman untuk memiliki waktu yang cukup untuk mencapai kematangan.
Vernalisasi mengacu khusus untuk meningkatkan tanaman berbunga dengan periode
suhu rendah. Beberapa tanaman pangan penting, seperti gandum, barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.), rye (gandum
hitam) memiliki dua jenis varietas: musim dingin dan varietas musim semi. Varietas
'Musim Semi' biasanya ditanam pada musim semi dan kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbunga dan menghasilkan biji-bijian sebelum
akhir musim tanam. Varietas ‘Musim dingin’ jika ditanam di musim semi biasanya
gagal menghasilkan bunga atau biji-bijian yang matang dalam rentang musim
berbunga. Oleh karena itu, bijinya ditanam di musim gugur. Biji
tanaman berkecambah, dan selama musim dingin keluar sebagai bibit kecil,
melanjutkan pertumbuhan di musim semi, dan dipanen biasanya sekitar pertengahan
musim panas.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Contoh lain dari vernalisasi
terlihat pada tanaman dua tahunan. Biennial adalah tanaman monocarpic yang
biasanya berkembang dan mati di tahun (musim) kedua. Beberapa tanamanan
seperti bit, kubis, wortel termasuk biennial. Pertumbuhan tanaman dua tahunan
dengan perlakuan suhu yang dingin merangsang respon berbunga berikutnya.</span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">8. Bunga, buah<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;"> dan biji </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bunga menggambarkan suatu kemajuan
evolusi yang besar seperti ditunjukkan oleh sejumlah species tanaman berbunga (Magnoliophyta);
species tumbuhan berbunga lebih banyak dari pada kelompok tumbuhan lainnya.
Bunga memperkenankan vector serbuk sari lainnya selain air dan angin, maksudnya bunga mampu memanfaatkan variasi relung ekologi yang lebih luas.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Meskipun bermacam-macam ukuran
dan bentuk bunga, namun semua tumbuhan berbunga mengikuti dasar yang sama,
terdiri dari empat karangan, yaitu: sepal, petal, stamen dan pistil. Pistil
terdiri dari carpel, yang merupakan ciri khusus tumbuhan berbunga dari tumbuhan
lainnya. Carpel mengandung bakal biji (ovul) dan merupakan tempat pembuahan
untuk membentuk biji (Gambar 14).</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqCsh3P8ZMbtI-3RoW-cV5N-HK-T3Jr7rLkpINd3xJFiJFZYM4lvAVuNx2_pMJBAZSOWLa1a8MqgxV4rnflUBc9EdOTJCH4ArBF0nV69CQqvnpZR7qwnaPqVNKZ2vzTK_Wn-UgM8P5Fdg/s1600/bagian+bunga+Dicotyl.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqCsh3P8ZMbtI-3RoW-cV5N-HK-T3Jr7rLkpINd3xJFiJFZYM4lvAVuNx2_pMJBAZSOWLa1a8MqgxV4rnflUBc9EdOTJCH4ArBF0nV69CQqvnpZR7qwnaPqVNKZ2vzTK_Wn-UgM8P5Fdg/s1600/bagian+bunga+Dicotyl.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gambar 14. Bagian-bagian bunga (Anonim, 2013)</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perubahan kuncup vegetatif menjadi suatu
kuncup bunga paling sedikit meliputi tiga perangkat gen, yaitu: gen yang
menentukan reseptivitas (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">receptivity</i>)
kuncup untuk sinyal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbunga yang
dikirimkan dari daun, gen yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengalihkan program struktur tanaman dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menghasilkan daun menjadi menghasilkan bunga,
dan gen yang menentukan perkembangan yang progresif dari sepal, petal, stamen
dan pistil (Hopkins, 2006).</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Penyerbukan terjadi ketika
butir serbuk sari mencapai permukaan stigma (kepala putik) yang reseptif,
kemudian berkecambah membentuk buluh serbuk sari, yang membawa dua inti sperma
melalui stilus (tangkai putik) ke ovarium. Magnoliophyta adalah dicirikan dengan
pembuahan ganda; satu inti sperma membuahi sel telur yang berkembang menjadi
embrio dan bersifat diploid, sementara inti sperma kedua membuahi dua inti polar untuk membentuk
endosperm yang kaya nutrisi yang bersifat triploid (gambar 15). Pada tumbuhan kelas liliopsida (monokotil), endosperm masih terdapat di dalam </span></span><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed&usg=ALkJrhid52RS1aZoREfRMMivTUqI3F-Hag" style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Benih"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">biji</span></a><span face=", "blinkmacsystemfont" , "segoe ui" , "roboto" , "lato" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: #e6ecf9; color: #222222; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> seperti kelapa, namun pada tumbuhan magnoliopsida (dikotil) seperti kacang hijau, endosperm diserap kedalam kotiledon, sehingga keping bijinya terlihat membesar.</span><br />
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsV9aPmfrB_AGkHd1rTFXe8xJ4v46TbI-6ma4oB40kCfc1DpA7OMLvvW0nO2TOkqSQhGyWj1xIRNj7ifUgCXcRP-SSE6xOE8ML1RmqmUgOEldum81KNLSkzpdtkfz_ybdNGFckJ1CjpdOG/s1600/siklus+hidup+dicotyl.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsV9aPmfrB_AGkHd1rTFXe8xJ4v46TbI-6ma4oB40kCfc1DpA7OMLvvW0nO2TOkqSQhGyWj1xIRNj7ifUgCXcRP-SSE6xOE8ML1RmqmUgOEldum81KNLSkzpdtkfz_ybdNGFckJ1CjpdOG/s400/siklus+hidup+dicotyl.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></span><br />
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="text-align: center;">Gambar 16. Siklus hidup tumbuhan berbunga (Anonim 2013).</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">Setelah itu, zigot yang terbentuk mulai bertumbuh menjadi embrio (lembaga), bakal biji tumbuh menjadi biji, dan dinding bakal buah, yang disebut</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">perikarp</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">, tumbuh menjadi berdaging (pada buah batu atau</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">drupa</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">) atau membentuk lapisan pelindung yang kering dan keras (pada buah geluk atau</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">nux</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">). Sementara itu, kelopak bunga (</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">sepal</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">), mahkota (</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">petal</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">), benangsari (</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">stamen</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">) dan putik (</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">pistil</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">) akan gugur atau bisa jadi bertahan sebagian hingga buah menjadi. Pembentukan buah ini terus berlangsung hingga biji menjadi masak. Pada sebagian buah berbiji banyak, pertumbuhan daging buahnya umumnya sebanding dengan jumlah bakal biji yang terbuahi.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">Dinding </span></span></span><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit&usg=ALkJrhhSjVqALiH9oH5yQgKpWeAIappFXQ" style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Buah"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">buah</span></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">, yang berasal dari perkembangan dinding bakal buah pada</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga" style="background: none; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;" title="Bunga"><span style="color: blue;">bunga</span></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">, dikenal sebagai</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">perikarp</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">(</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;">pericarpium</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">). Perikarp ini sering berkembang lebih jauh, sehingga dapat dibedakan atas dua lapisan atau lebih. Yang di bagian luar disebut</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">dinding luar</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">,</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">eksokarp</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">(</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;">exocarpium</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">), atau</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">epikarp</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">(</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;">epicarpium</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">); yang di dalam disebut</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">dinding dalam</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">atau</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">endokarp</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">(</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;">endocarpium</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">); serta lapisan tengah (bisa beberapa lapis) yang disebut</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">dinding tengah</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">atau</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">mesokarp</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">(</span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0px;">mesocarpium</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">) seperti yang terlihat pada gambar 16.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="border: 1pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"><img height="238" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Drupe_fruit_diagram-en.svg/800px-Drupe_fruit_diagram-en.svg.png" width="320" /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="border: 1pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">Gambar 16. Bagian-bagian buah dan biji Persik (<i>Prunus persica</i>)</span></span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">Kadang-kadang bagian-bagian bunga yang lain (seperti tabung perhiasan bunga, kelopak, mahkota, atau benangsari) bersatu dengan bakal buah dan turut berkembang membentuk buah. Jika bagian-bagian itu merupakan bagian utama dari buah, maka buah itu lalu disebut</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0px;">buah semu, seperti buah ciplukan (<i>Physaleae angulata</i> L.) kelopak turut serta membentuk buah (Tjitrosoepomo, 1989).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="background-color: white;">Seperti perkembangan</span></span><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: #e6ecf9;"> </span></span></span></span><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?client=srp&depth=1&hl=id&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=id&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed&usg=ALkJrhid52RS1aZoREfRMMivTUqI3F-Hag" style="background: none; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Benih"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">biji</span></a><span style="background-color: white; border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">,
dinding yang mengelilingi ovarium (kadang-kadang termasuk tangkai bunga)
berkembang menjadi buah, seperti pada jambu mente. Buah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> juga dapat </span>menjadi
matang dirangsang oleh etilena. Pengontrolan lingkungan cadangan makanan dari
buah yang dirancang untuk menekan respirasi dan produksi etilena, berakibat
menunda pematangan. Pembentukan buah </span></span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 0px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; text-indent: 0px;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenokarpi" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Partenokarpi"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">partenokarpi</span></a><i style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </i></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">tanpa biji</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">dapat dihasilkan ketika sel telur secara
spontan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">tidak</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">difertilisasi, seperti yang terjadi pada pisang (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Musa</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">acuminata</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">), terong (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Solanum melongena</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">), nanas (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Ananas comosus</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">), sukun (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Artocarpus altilis</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; padding: 0in;">Tugas 7</span></b><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; padding: 0in;">:</span></span><br />
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Amati morfologi dan anatomi dari bunga, buah dan biji tanaman bunga pukul empat <span style="font-family: "times new roman";">(<i>Mirabilis jalapa</i>) atau tanaman yang anda tanam</span>, tuliskan hasil pengamatannya!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; padding: 0in;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ringkasan:</span></strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pertumbuhan merupakan salah
satu peristiwa yang paling mencolok dalam <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kehidupan setiap organisme. Pertumbuhan adalah
suatu peningkatan secara ireversibel yang dinyatakan dalam parameter seperti
ukuran, luas, panjang, tinggi, volume, jumlah sel dll. Pertumbuhan secara jelas
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melibatkan meningkatnya bahan
protoplasma. Pada tanaman, meristem adalah tempat terjadinya pertumbuhan. Meristem
ujung akar dan ujung pucuk kadang-kadang disertai meristem interkalar,
memberikan kontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan pemanjangan sumbu
tanaman. Pertumbuhan tak tentu (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">indeterminate</i>)
terdapat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada tumbuhan tingkat
tinggi. Pembelahan sel meristem ujung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>akar dan ujung batang (pucuk) pertumbuhan bisa secara aritmetika atau
geometris. Pertumbuhan umumnya tidak berkelanjutan dengan kecepatan yang tinggi
sepanjang kehidupan sel / jaringan / organ / organisme. Dapat menentukan satu
dari tiga prinsip fase pertumbuhan-lag, log dan fase penuaan. Ketika sel kehilangan
kemampuan untuk membelah, hal itu mengarah pada diferensiasi. Akhirnya diferensiasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada struktur perkembangan harus melakukan
hasil yang setaraf dengan fungsi sel. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Prinsip umum diferensiasi sel,
jaringan dan organ adalah serupa. Suatu sel yang berdiferensiasi dapat
melakukan dediferensiasi dan kemudian rediferensiasi. Karena diferensiasi
pada tanaman adalah terbuka, perkembangan juga bisa fleksibel, yaitu, perkembangan
adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil pertumbuhan dan
diferensiasi. Tanaman menunjukkan plastisitas dalam perkembangan.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman
dikendalikan oleh dua faktor, yaitu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>intrinsik dan ekstrinsik. Faktor
intrinsik pada interseluler tanaman adalah zat kimia, yang disebut pengatur
tumbuh (ZPT). Terdapat bermacam-macam kelompok ZPT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada tanaman, terutama terdiri dari lima
kelompok, yaitu: auksin, giberelin, sitokinin, asam absisat dan etilen. ZPT
ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disintesis pada berbagai bagian
tanaman, zat ini mengendalikan peristiwa diferensiasi dan perkembangan yang
berbeda. Setiap ZPT memiliki efek fisiologis yang beragam pada tanaman. Macam-macam
ZPT <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga memanifestasikan efek yang
serupa. ZPT dapat bertindak secara sinergis atau antagonis. Pertumbuhan
dan perkembangan Tanaman <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga
dipengaruhi oleh faktor eksternal seperti cahaya, suhu, nutrisi, status
oksigen, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gravitasi dll.</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pembungaan pada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beberapa tanaman diinduksi hanya bila terkena
durasi tertentu dari fotoperiodik. Tergantung pada sifat dari persyaratan
penyinaran tanaman,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ada yang disebut
tanaman hari pendek, tanaman hari panjang dan tanaman hari-netral. Tanaman
tertentu juga perlu terkena suhu rendah, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehingga dapat mempercepat pembungaan di
kemudian hari. Perlakuan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini dikenal
sebagai vernalisasi.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">Semua tanaman berbunga
mengikuti dasar yang sama, terdiri dari empat karangan, yaitu: sepal, petal,
stamen dan pistil. Penyerbukan terjadi ketika butir serbuk sari mencapai
permukaan stigma (kepala putik) yang reseptif, kemudian berkecambah membentuk
buluh serbuk sari, yang membawa dua inti sperma melalui stilus (tangkai putik)
ke ovarium. Angiospermae adalah dicirikan dengan pembuahan ganda; satu inti
sperma membuahi sel telur yang berkembang menjadi embrio, sementara inti sperma
kedua membuahi dua inti polar untuk membentuk endosperm yang kaya nutrisi.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: 1pt; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anand, S. 2010. <i>Plant growth and development</i>. <a href="http://textbook.s-anand.net/ncert/class-11/biology/15-plant-growth-and-development"><span style="color: blue;">http://textbook.s-anand.net/ncert/class-11/biology/15-plant-growth-and-development</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013. <em>Annual plant.</em>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="color: blue;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant</span></span></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013. Bayam. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayam"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayam</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013. Barley. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"><span style="color: blue;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013. Bit gula. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_gula"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_gula</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 19 Maret 2013. <i>Flowering Vascular
Plants that Produce Seeds: Angiosperms.</i><a href="http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/GBSummer12/GB101Summer12Lect/GB101Summer_Lect7.htm"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~uzwiak/GBSummer12/GB101Summer12Lect/GB101Summer_Lect7.htm</span></a>.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Bunga pukul empat. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga_pukul_empat"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga_pukul_empat</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Gandum. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Larkspur. <a href="http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/annual/larkspur/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.bhg.com/gardening/plant-dictionary/annual/larkspur/</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Hormon Tumbuhan. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon_tumbuhan"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon_tumbuhan</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Kelapa. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 19 Maret 2013.
Kloroplas. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplas"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroplas</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Nona makan sirih. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nona_makan_sirih"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nona_makan_sirih</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Padi. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padi"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padi</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Seruni. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seruni"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seruni</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Taraxacum. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum"><span style="color: blue;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Tomat. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomat"><span style="color: blue;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomat</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. diakses 15 Mei 2013.
Tumbuhan semusim. <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_semusim">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_semusim</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anonim. 2020. <i>Gerak tumbuhan</i>. </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerak_tumbuhan" style="text-indent: -22.3pt;">https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerak_tumbuhan</a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Arellano, Yolanda. 2012. <i>Plants
and Society</i>. <a href="http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/exam-2/deck/4356438"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/exam-2/deck/4356438</span></a>
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Campbell, N. A. & J.B. Reece
& L G. Mitchell. 2003. <i>Biologi</i>. Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hopkins, W. G. 2006. <i>Plant
Development</i>. Chelsea House Publishers, New York.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lestari, D. E., 2018. Nutisi pada Tumbuhan. <a href="https://www.generasibiologi.com/2018/06/nutrisi-pada-tumbuhan.html" style="text-indent: -22.3pt;">https://www.generasibiologi.com/2018/06/nutrisi-pada-tumbuhan.html</a></span></div>
<div style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Li et al. 2007. Repression of </span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">AUXIN
RESPONSE FACTOR10</span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> by microRNA 160 is critical for seed
germination and post-germination stages. </span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><i>The
Plant Journal</i></span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><i> </i>52:133-146.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Panji. 2018. Proses Perkecambahan dan Tipe Perkecambahan Biji. <a href="https://www.edubio.info/2018/07/proses-perkecambahan-dan-tipe.html" style="text-indent: -22.3pt;">https://www.edubio.info/2018/07/proses-perkecambahan-dan-tipe.html</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;">Tjitrosoepomo, G. 1989Physaleae. </span><i style="color: #222222; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;">Taksonomi Tumbuhan (Spermatophyta)</i><span style="color: #222222; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;">. Gadjah Mada Univ. Press.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Savage, C. diakses 23 Mei
2013. <em>Angiosperm (flowering plant) Life Cycle</em>. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AykzPemLs7Q"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AykzPemLs7Q</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<br />
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Spratt, N. T. 1971. <i>Developmental
Biology</i>. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. Belmont, California.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -22.3pt;">Van Noorden, R., Brendan Maher & Regina Nuzzo (29 Oktober 2014). "100 makalah teratas" . Berita Alam.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-indent: -22.3pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
</span><br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Wareing,
P.F. and I.D.J. Philips. 1981. <i>Growth and Differentiation in
Plants. </i>Pergamon Press, NY. </span><a href="http://generalhorticulture.tamu.edu/hort604/lecturesuppl/growthkinetics/growthkinetics05.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">http://generalhorticulture.tamu.edu/hort604/lecturesuppl/growthkinetics/growthkinetics05.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
</span><br />
<div align="center" style="background: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b></b></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b></b></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b></b></span></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>SOAL
LATIHAN </b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span><br />
</span><br />
<div align="center" style="background: white; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>PERTUMBUHAN
DAN PERKEMBANGAN TANAMAN </b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">NAMA :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">NO. REG. :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I. PILIHAN GANDA</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Petunjuk</span></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: Pilihlah jawaban yang paling tepat dengan cara memberi
tanda silang pada pilihan jawaban anda!</span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1. Kontrol <i>check and balance</i> pada percabangan lateral
oleh zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) tanaman merupakan suatu cara yang digunakan oleh
tumbuhan untuk mengkoordinasikan sistem tunas dan akarnya. ZPT tersebut adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. Asam absisat dan Giberelin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. Auksin dan Sitokinin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. Auksin dan Etilen</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d. Sitokinin dan Etilen</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e. Asam absisat dan Etilen</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: b</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zat pengatur
tumbuh tanaman yang mempercepat pematangan buah; menghambat beberapa pengaruh
auksin; mempercepat atau menghambat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan akar, daun dan
bunga (bergantung pada spesies) adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. Auksin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. Etilen</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. Sitokinin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d. Giberelin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e. Asam absisat</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: b</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zat pengatur
tumbuh tanaman yang menghambat percabangan akar adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. Auksin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. Etilen</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. Sitokinin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d. Giberelin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e. Asam absisat</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: c</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zat pengatur
tumbuh tanaman yang mempercepat perkecambahan biji dan kuncup tunas,
pemanjangan batang dan pertumbuhan daun; merangsang perbungaan dan perkembangan
buah; mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan diferensiasi akar adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. Auksin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. Etilen</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. Sitokinin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d. Giberelin</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e. Asam absisat</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: d</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pertumbuhan diukur
dengan berbagai parameter, beberapa di antaranya adalah: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. peningkatan bobot segar tanaman.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. berat kering tanaman.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. panjang dan luas organ tanaman.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d. volume dan jumlah sel tanaman.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e. jawaban a, b, c, d benar semua.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: e</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meristem-kambium
gabus dan kambium <i>interfascicular</i> dapat dibentuk dari sel-sel parenkim.
Fenomena ini menunjukkan:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. dediferensiasi.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. diferensiasi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. redifensiasi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d. pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e. perkembangan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: a</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perbedaan bentuk
daun tanaman <i>buttercup</i> yang tumbuh di atas tanah dan di dalam air
juga merupakan pengembangan sifat <i>heterophylly </i>karena
lingkungan. Fenomena ini <i>heterophylly</i> adalah contoh dari: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. dediferensiasi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. rediferensiasi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. plastisitas</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d. pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e. diferensiasi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: c</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanaman yang
termasuk tumbuhan hari pendek (<i>short day plant</i>), adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. Bayam </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(<i>Amaranthus</i>
</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">spp.</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. Tomat </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(<i>Solanum
lycopersicum</i> syn. <i>Lycopersicum esculentum</i>)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. Padi </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(<i>Oryza
sativa</i> L.) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d. Krisan atau Seruni (</span><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Chrysanthemum
sp</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e. Dandelion (Taraxacum sp.)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: d</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perlakuan suhu
yang dingin merangsang respon berbunga, terdapat pada tanaman:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. Bayam </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(<i>Amaranthus</i>
</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">spp.</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. Tomat </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(<i>Solanum
lycopersicum</i> syn. <i>Lycopersicum esculentum</i>)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. Padi </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(<i>Oryza
sativa</i> L.) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d. Mentimun (<i>Cucumus sativus</i>)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e. Bit </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(<i>Beta
vulgaris</i>)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: e</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10. Pertumbuhan aritmatika dicontohkan oleh:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. Pembelahan zigot</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. Pemanjangan akar</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. Pertumbuhan jaringan kalus</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d. Pertumbuhan jaringan parenkim</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e. Pembelahan jaringan meristem</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: b</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">II. ESSAY</span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Petunjuk</span></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: Jawablah pertanyaan di bawah ini dengan tepat!</span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mengapa koleptil bibit tanaman membengkok ke arah datangnya
cahaya?</span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Koleoptil
bibit tanaman mendekati arah cahaya, karena sel-sel pada sisi yang gelap pada
organ tersebut memanjang lebih cepat (auksin sebagai hormon yang merangsang
pemanjangan sel berpindah ke tempat yang lebih gelap)dibandingkan dengan sel-sel
pada sisi yang lebih terang (Gambar 17).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhViL3EYjuTpdHPJijUXAwR2u0UDzu7-WziZqjvGlv2iWOW4PMoxQOLU6yuB5riKmOOsv_UgjVUMXWk_Vb0-I8BGQGWrutVLS8L7LKeddVsdMMgqLt8UNUteh5QLDoWAO6nGxKR_iCDc1ek/s1600/Fototropisme.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhViL3EYjuTpdHPJijUXAwR2u0UDzu7-WziZqjvGlv2iWOW4PMoxQOLU6yuB5riKmOOsv_UgjVUMXWk_Vb0-I8BGQGWrutVLS8L7LKeddVsdMMgqLt8UNUteh5QLDoWAO6nGxKR_iCDc1ek/s320/Fototropisme.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_HIDw65NgFZpH9wo7qmAGBQu0DBT57VPV-Evv5g-QbH1U9M2uX1_ehPM4X6lYZ0LpcLKy-1Ytz3y5guzKmhFAz2u7nCXl34isE6HHHFo0U_TCZZcG21ZhpnfFctAFiMMa4udeOfVVtqQz/s1600/Fototropisme.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "serif"; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></a></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 17. Bibit tanaman mengarah ke
cahaya (Arellano, 2012)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2. Mengapa jika tunas terminal dipotong, tumbuhan bisa
menjadi bercabang banyak? </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sitokinin
yang memasuki sistem tunas dari akar akan menghalangi kerja auksin dengan cara
memberikan sinyal ke tunas aksiler untuk memulai pertumbuhan. Auksin tidak
dapat menekan pertumbuhan tunas ini jika tunas telah tumbuh.</span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3. Mengapa terjadi dominasi meristem apikal pada tanaman?</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Auksin
yang ditranspor turun dari tunas terminal akan menekan tunas aksiler supaya
tidak tumbuh yang menyebabkan suatu tunas memanjang dengan meniadakan
percabangan lateral.</span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4. Sebutkan 3 ciri-ciri endosperm!</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab</span></u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a) Endosperm adalah suatu bahan nutrisi bagi embrio. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b) Endosperm adalah tetap ada pada biji monokotil.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">c) Endosperm adalah diserap ke dalam kotiledon pada
biji-biji dikotil.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5. Jelaskan mengenai pembuahan ganda pada kelapa (<i>Cocos
nucifera</i>)!</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><u><span style="font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jawab:</span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kelapa termasuk tumbuhan berbunga, kelas liliopsida (monokotil). Kelapa dicirikan dengan pembuahan ganda; satu inti
sperma membuahi sel telur yang berkembang menjadi embrio, sementara inti sperma
kedua membuahi dua inti polar untuk membentuk endosperm yang kaya nutrisi dan menjadi cadangan makanan saat embrio kelapa berkecambah (Gambar 18). </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img src="https://media4.picsearch.com/is?Axm72bi2zCwQMS2EypGcwsfS5TZa3U3utv42a2-zzMA&height=229" style="text-indent: 0.5in;" /></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Gambar 18. Bagian buah dan biji kelapa serta perkecambahannya</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
</div>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
</div>
Ratna Dewi Wulaningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544060422743888803noreply@blogger.com0